History of Horticulture: Lecture 12–131Lecture 12Lecture 12––1313Agricultural Origins and Development in AsiaSeven Areas of Independent Domesticationof Plants and AnimalsCentralCentralAmericanAmericanAndeanAndeanMediterraneanMediterranean Southwestern Southwestern AsiaticAsiaticEast AsiaticEast AsiaticSouth South AsiaticAsiaticAbyssinianAbyssinianAsia: An enormous continent, home of 3 VavilovianCenters, Independent Origins of Agriculture30 Most Important Crops (megatonnes)Sugarcane (1168)Rice (551)Wheat (554)Maize (515)Potato (285)Sugarbeet (265)Cassava (164)Barley (143)Sweet potato (136)Soybean (126)Banana (85)Tomato (84)Cottonseed (58)Orange (57)Grape (55)Sorghum (54)Apple (50)Coconut (47)Cabbage (46) Watermelon (40)Onion (37)Canola (35)Yam (33)Oat (29)Peanut (29)Millet (27)Sunflower (27)Rye (23)Mango (19)Drybean (18)Center of VariationAsian American African MediterraneanHistory of Horticulture: Lecture 12–132Rice Wheat Oats Barley BuckwheatCereals & PseudocerealsSoybean LentilUrdFava beanSesameChick-peaGrain LegumesAsian Grain LegumesCultivated in North AmericaAdzuki bean Phaseolus angularisChickpea Cicer arietinumFava bean Vicia fabaLentil Lens esculentaMungbean Phaseolus aureusRice bean Phaseolus calcaratusSesame Sesamum indicumUrd (gram) bean Phaseolus mungoCommon in USSoybean Glycine maxRare in USHistory of Horticulture: Lecture 12–133Spinach EggplantGarlicCucumber OnionPeaVegetablesAsian VegetablesCultivated in North AmericaCarrot Daucus carotaChinese cabbage Brassica chinensisCucumber Cucumis sativusEggplant Solanum melongenaGarlic Allium sativumOnion Allium cepaPea Pisum sativumRadish Raphanus sativusSpinach Spinacea oleraceaTaroYamRoot and Tuber CropsHistory of Horticulture: Lecture 12–134Peach ApricotCherryOrange PearAppleTemperate & Subtropical Fruits in Central AsiaAsian Fruits—TemperateCultivated in North AmericaApple Malus pumila (M. ×domestica)Apricot Prunus armeniacaCherry Prunus cerasusFig Ficus caricaGrape Vitis viniferaOrange Citrus sinensisPeach Prunus persicaQuince Cydonia oblongaPear Pyrus serotina, P. ussuriensis, P. communisPomegranate Punica granatumTangerine Citrus reticulataHistory of Horticulture: Lecture 12–135LycheeBreadfruitCarambola RambutanMangoMangosteenTropical Fruits in S.E. AsiaJackfruitHistory of Horticulture: Lecture 12–136Asian Fruits—TropicalCommon in Tropical America Banana & Musa cavendishii,Plantain M. paradisiacaMango Mangifera indicaBreadfruit Artocarpus communisLess Common in Tropical AmericaJackfruit Artocarpus heterophyllusCarambola Averrhoa carambolaLychee Litchi chinensisMangosteen Garcinia mangostanaPummelo Citrus grandisNutsAsian NutsCultivated in North America Almond Amygdalus communisCandlenut & Tung Aleurites spp.Coconut Cocos nuciferaPistachio Pistachia veraWalnut Juglans sinensisHistory of Horticulture: Lecture 12–137MedicinalGinsengOpium PoppySugarcaneAbacaIndigoHempIndustrial CropsGingerNutmegClove PepperMustardCinnamonSpicesHistory of Horticulture: Lecture 12–138Pagoda TreeGinkgo Japanese cherry Kousa dogwoodAsian crabapplesJapanese mapleAsian Landscape SpeciesTulip LilyRoseIris PeonyChrysanthemumAsian Floricultural SpeciesHostaHistory of Horticulture: Lecture 12–139Recent technologyModern90–presentSung, Yan, Ming, ChingExpansion and stagnationEarlymodern1100–90Chin, Han, 6 dynasties, Sui, TangKey developments in technologyMiddlePeriod2200–1100Hsia, Shang, Chao, Warring StatesEarly systemsEarlydynastic4000–2200Pre-dynasticBeginningsNeolithic8500–5000DynastyAgricultural eventPeriodYears ago5 Periods of Agricultural History of ChinaTechnology traced through artistic & archeological recordRice cultivated,water buffaloAgriculture universal5000–4000Wheat, barley, brassicasLarge farming villages6000First rice in South7000Millets (Setaria, Panicaum);bamboo shoots, grass seed, persimmon, walnuts, pine nuts, chestnuts, mulberry, hempFirst agriculture8500–7500CropsEventYears agoNeolithic PeriodHistory of Horticulture: Lecture 12–13106500–5000 BCE Domestication of milletsPigs, dogs, and chicken5000 BCE Painted pottery, large settlementsFood crops include:Bamboo, persimmon, grass seed, walnut, pine nut, chestnut, mulberryChinese Agricultural Beginnings4000 BCE Large farming villages.Cattle and horsesBrassica seeds found in potsHemp, mulberry and silkworm cultureLarge farming villages3500 BCE Agriculture spread to ManchuriaMelons, sesame, broad beansWheat and barley introduced from Afghanistan2500 BCE Rice farming from Taiwan to central India1400 BCE Water buffalo600 BCE Row croppingIron plow (ard)551–470 BCE K’ung Fu Tze (Confucious)Book of Songs mentions 44 food plants (bible mentions 29)History of Horticulture: Lecture 12–1311Fiber: silk, hemp, kudzuGrain: millets, barley wheat, riceFruits: peach, plum, apricotVeg: brassicasK’ung Fu Tsu(Confucius)2500ChouSoybeanWide array of cropsIron age, extensive irrigation, canals3000Hsia (mythical)ChangMillets, rice, wheat, barley, mulberry (silk)Bronze age, civilized society4000–3500DynastyCropsEventYears agoEarly Civilization: Development of Agricultural Systems:Hsia to Warring States (480 BCE)Book of Songs mentions44 food plants(Bible mentions 29)K’ung Fu Tze(Confucius) 551–470 BCETangNear eastern crops (spinach, sugar beet, lettuce)Double cropping in rice618–907SuiGreat Wall Rebuilt589–6186 DynastiesBooks on agriculture & horticultureTea introducedHorse collar harness221–559Han (Empire exceeds Rome)Agricultural development & technologySoy products & noodle technologyMedical advances; Shen-Nung HerbalParks and gardens206 BCE–221 CECh’inFirst emperor & unificationPublic works: Canals, Great Wall60 million ChineseAgricultural literature and manualsState agricultural extensionCrops from Central Asia221–207 BCEDynastyAgricultural eventTime scaleMiddle Period: Ch’in to Tang (221 BCE–906 CE)Chao – Han: Critical MillenniumHistory of Horticulture: Lecture 12–1312Shen-Nung (2737–2697 BCE)Divine Cultivator5 grainsInvention of the ploughSoil testsPen T’sao Ching(The Classic Herbal)Legendary history (1st century)500 BCE Cast iron hoes400 BCE Trace harness then collar200 BCE Machine to winnow grainMulti-tube seed drill 100 BCE WheelbarrowEarly Agricultural TechnologyHistory of Horticulture: Lecture 12–1313A. Throat-and-girthWestern AntiquityB. Trace HarnessChina, 4thcentury BCEC. Collar HarnessChina, 3rdcentury BCEHorse HarnessTrace Harness, Han Dynasty, 1stcentury BCEBased on a Yuan
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