History of Horticulture: Lecture 51Lecture 5Lecture 5Centers of Origin of Crop PlantsThe eight Vavilovian Centers of Origin for crop plantsI. Chinese Center: The largest independent center which includes the mountainous regions of central and western China, and adjacent lowlands. A total of 136 endemic plants are listed, among which are a few known to us as important crops.OLD WORLD1. Broomcorn millet, Panicum miliaceum2. Italian millet, Panicum italicum3. Japanese barnyard millet, Panicum frumentaceum4. Kaoliang, Andropogon sorghum5. Buckwheat, Fagopyrum esculentum6. Hull-less barley, Hordeum hexastichum7. Soybean, Glycine hispida8. Adzuki bean, Phaseolus angularis9. Velvet bean, Stizolobium hassjooCereals and LegumesHistory of Horticulture: Lecture 521. Chinese yam, Dioscorea batatas2. Radish, Raphanus sativus3. Chinese cabbage, Brassica chinensis, B. pekinensis4. Onion, Allium chinense, A. fistulosum, A. pekinense5. Cucumber, Cucumis sativusFruits and Nuts1. Pear, Pyrus serotina, P. ussuriensis2. Chinese apple, Malus asiatica3. Peach, Prunus persica4. Apricot, Prunus armeniaca5. Cherry, Prunus pseudocerasus6. Walnut, Juglans sinensis7. Litchi, Litchi chinensisRoots, Tubers, and Vegetables1. Sugarcane, Saccharum sinense2. Opium poppy, Papaver somniferum3. Ginseng, Panax ginseng4. Camphor, Cinnamomum camphora5. Hemp, Cannabis sativaSugar, Drug, and Fiber PlantsII. Indian Center: This area has two subcenters. A. Main Center (Hindustan): Includes Assam and Burma, but not Northwest India, Punjab, nor Northwest Frontier Provinces.In this area, 117 plants were considered to be endemic.History of Horticulture: Lecture 531. Rice, Oryza sativa2. Chickpea or gram, Cicer arietinum3. Pigeon pea, Cajanus indicus4. Urd bean, Phaseolus mungo5. Mung bean, Phaseolus aureus6. Rice bean, Phaseolus calcaratus7. Cowpea, Vigna sinensisCereals and Legumes1. Eggplant, Solanum melongena2. Cucumber, Cucumis sativus3. Radish, Raphanus caudatus (pods eaten)4. Taro, Colocasia antiquorum5. Yam, Dioscorea alataVegetables and TubersFruits1. Mango, Mangifera indica2. Orange, Citrus sinensis3. Tangerine, Citrus nobilis4. Citron, Citrus medica5. Tamarind, Tamarindus indica1. Sugar cane, Saccharum officinarum2. Coconut palm, Cocos nucifera3. Sesame, Sesamum indicum4. Safflower, Carthamus tinctorius5. Tree cotton, Gossypium arboreum6. Oriental cotton, Gossypium nanking7. Jute, Corchorus capsularis8. Crotalaria, Crotalaria juncea9. Kenaf, Hibiscus cannabinusSugar, Oil, and Fiber PlantsHistory of Horticulture: Lecture 541. Hemp, Cannabis indica2. Black pepper, Piper nigrum3. Gum arabic, Acacia arabica4. Sandalwood, Santalum album5. Indigo, Indigofera tinctoria6. Cinnamon tree, Cinnamomum zeylanticum7. Croton, Croton tiglium8. Bamboo, Bambusa tuldaSpices, Stimulants, Dyes, and MiscellaneousII B. Indo-Malayan Center: Includes Indo-China and the Malay Archipelago. Fifty-five plants were listed, including:1. Job’s tears, Coix lacryma2. Velvet bean, Mucuna utilisFruits1. Pummelo, Citrus grandis2. Banana, Musa cavendishii, M. paradisiaca, M. sapientum3. Breadfruit, Artocarpus communis4. Mangosteen, Garcinia mangostanaCereals and LegumesHistory of Horticulture: Lecture 551. Candlenut, Aleurites moluccana2. Cocoanut palm, Cocos nucifera3. Sugarcane, Saccharum officinarum4. Clove, Caryophyllus aromaticus5. Nutmeg, Myristaca fragrans6. Black pepper, Piper nigrum7. Manila hemp or abaca, Musa textilisOil, Sugar, Spice, and Fiber Plants1. Adzuki bean2. Yellow banana3. Red banana4. Green banana5. Soybean6. Coconut7. Millet8. Yam9. Sugar cane10. RiceFar Eastern CropsIII. Central Asiatic Center: Includes Northwest India (Punjab, Northwest Frontier Provinces and Kashmir), Afghanistan, Tadjikistan, Uzbekistan, and western Tian-Shan. This center lists 43 plants including many wheats.History of Horticulture: Lecture 561. Common wheat, Triticum vulgare2. Club wheat, Triticum compactum3. Shot wheat, Triticum sphaerocoecum4. Pea, Pisum sativum5. Lentil, Lens esculenta6. Horse bean, Vicia faba7. Chickpea, Cicer arientinum8. Mung bean, Phaseolus aureus9. Mustard, Brassica juncea10. Flax, Linum usitatissimum (one of the centers)11. Sesame, Sesamum indicumFiber Plants1. Hemp, Cannabis indica2. Cotton, Gossypium herbaceumGrains and Legumes1. Onion, Allium cepa2. Garlic, Allium sativum3. Spinach, Spinacia oleracea4. Carrot, Daucus carotaFruits1. Pistacia, Pistacia vera2. Pear, Pyrus communis3. Almond, Amygdalus communis4. Grape, Vitis vinifera5. Apple, Malus pumila (M. sieversii)VegetablesIV. Near-Eastern Center: Includes interior of Asia Minor, all of Transcaucasia, Iran, and the highlands of Turkmenistan.This region lists 83 species including 9 species of wheat.History of Horticulture: Lecture 571. Einkorn wheat, Triticum monococcum (2n = 14)2. Durum wheat, Triticum durum (2n = 28)3. Poulard wheat, Triticum turgidum (2n = 28)4. Common wheat, Triticum vulgare (2n = 42) 5. Oriental wheat, Triticum orientale6. Persian wheat, Triticum persicum (2n = 28)7. Triticum timopheevi (2n = 28) 8. Triticum macha (2n = 42) 9. Triticum vavilovianum, branched (2n = 42)10. Two-row barleys, Hordeum distichum, H. nutans11. Rye, Secale cereale12. Mediterranean oats, Avena byzantina13. Common oats, Avena sativa14. Lentil, Lens esculenta15. Lupine, Lupinus pilosus, L. albusGrains and Legumes1. Alfalfa, Medicago sativa2. Persian clover, Trifolium resupinatum3. Fenugreek, Trigonella foenum graecum4. Vetch, Vicia sativa5. Hairy vetch, Vicia villosaFruits1. Fig, Ficus carica2. Pomegranate, Punica granatum3. Apple, Malus pumila (one of the centers)4. Pear, Pyrus communis and others5. Quince, Cydonia oblonga6. Cherry, Prunus cerasus7. Hawthorn, Crataegus azarolusForage Plants6. Olive7. Barley8. Walnut9. Almond10. Pistachio nuts11. Apricot12. Date13. Wheat14. Fig15. Fava beans1. Lentil2. Chickpea3. Salt4. Peas5. RaisinsNear Eastern CropsHistory of Horticulture: Lecture 58V. Mediterranean Center: Includes the borders of the Mediterranean Sea.This region lists 84 plants including olive and many cultivated vegetables and forages.1. Durum wheat, Triticum durum expansum2. Emmer, Triticum dicoccum (one of the centers)3. Polish wheat, Triticum polonicum4. Spelt, Triticum spelta5. Mediterranean oats, Avena byzantina6. Sand oats, Avena brevis7. Canarygrass, Phalaris canariensis8. Grass pea, Lathyrus sativus9. Pea, Pisum sativum (large seeded varieties)10. Lupine, Lupinus albus, and othersCereals and Legumes1. Egyptian clover, Trifolium alexandrinum2. White clover, Trifolium
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