History of Horticulture: Lecture 11Dating the Past: Geologic, Dating the Past: Geologic, ArcheologicArcheologic, Biologic, and Human , Biologic, and Human CultureCultureLecture 1Lecture 1Dating the Past (years ago)Dating the Past (years ago)History of Horticulture: Lecture 12Dating the Past (years ago)Monkeys and apes evolveRamapithecus, oldest known primate with apparently human-like traits, evolves in India & AfricaAustralopithecus, closest primate ancestor to humans, appears inAfrica60402010864Cenozoicrecent lifeBirds appearMammals live in shadow of dinosaursAge of dinosaurs endsProsimians, earliest primates, develop in trees20080Mesozoicmiddle lifeEvolution of armored fish, first animals possess backbonesSmall amphibians venture onto landReptiles and insects ariseAge of dinosaurs begins400Paleozoicancient lifeFirst oxygen-breathing animals appearPrimitive organisms develop interdependent specialized cellsShell-bearing multicelled invertebrate animals appear800600Millions of Years AgoCreation of the EarthFormation of the primordial seaFirst life, single-celled algae and bacteria, appears in water4.54321Precambrianearliest eraBillions of Years AgoArcheologyGeologyThe Emergence of ManBow and arrow invented in EuropePottery first made in Japan10MesolithicMiddleStone AgeHolocenepresent epochFigurines sculpted for nature worshipInvention of needle makes sewing possibleBison hunting begins on Great Plains of North America3020Cro-Magnons arise in EuropeAsian hunters cross Bering Land Bridge to populate New WorldOldest known written record, lunar notations on bone, made in EuropeHumans reach AustraliaFirst artists decorate walls and ceilings of caves in France and SpainUpperPaleolithiclatest periodof Old Stone AgeRitual burials in Europe and Near East suggest belief in afterlifeWoolly mammoths hunted by Neandertals in northern Europe6040Neandertals emerge in Europe80MiddlePaleolithicmiddleperiod ofOld StoneAgeUpperPleistocenelatest periodof most recentepochHumans learns to control and use fireLarge-scale, organized elephant hunts staged in EuropeArtificial shelters800600400200MiddlePleistocenemiddle periodof most recentepochThousands of Years AgoOldest known tool fashioned by humans in AfricaFirst true human, Homo erectus, emerges in East Indies and AfricaHomo erectus populates temperate zones21LowerPaleolithicoldest period of Old StoneAgeLowerPleistoceneoldest periodof most recent epochMillions of Years AgoArcheologyGeologyHistory of Horticulture: Lecture 13Minoan navigators begin to venture into seas beyond the MediterraneanVariety of gods and heroes glorified in Gilgamesh and other epics in Near East4600Accurate calendar based on stellar observation devised in EgyptStonehenge, most famous of ancient stone monuments, begun in EnglandPyramids built in Egypt4800First writing, pictographic, composed in Near EastBronze first used to make tools in Near EastCity life spreads to Nile ValleyPlow is developed in Near East5000BronzeAgeCylinder seals begin to be used as marks of identification in Near EastFirst potatoes grown in South AmericaWheel originates in SumerHumans begin to cultivate rice in Far EastSilk moth domesticated in ChinaEgyptian merchant trading ships start to ply the Mediterranean5500Oldest known massive stone monument built in BrittanySail-propelled boats used in EgyptFirst city-states develop in Sumer6000Corn cultivated in MexicoCopperAgeAgriculture begins to replace hunting in EuropeCopper used in trade in Mediterranean area8000Pattern of village life grows in Near EastCatal Huyuk, in what is now Turkey, becomes largest Neolithic cityLoom invented in Near EastCattle domesticated in Near East9000Jericho, oldest known city, settledGoat domesticated in PersiaHumans cultivate first crops, wheat and barley in Near East10000Sheep domesticated in Near EastDog domesticated in North America11000NeolithicNew StoneAgeHolocene(cont.)Years AgoArcheologyGeologyCurrent era begins2000Epics of India’s gods and heroes, Mahabharata and Ramayana, writtenWater wheel invented in Near East2200Rome foundedWheel barrow invented in China2700Phoenicians develop modern alphabetCeltic culture begins to spread use of iron throughout EuropeNomads create a far-flung society based on the horse in Russian steppesFirst highway system built in AssyriaHomer composes Iliad and Odyssey29002800Iron AgeReindeer domesticated in Eurasia3000Iron in use in Near EastFirst complete alphabet devised in script of the Ugarit people in SyriaHebrews introduce concept of monotheism3400Invention of ocean-going canoes; humans reach South PacificCeremonial bronze sculptures created in ChinaImperial government, ruling distant provinces, established by Hittites3500Use of bronze in EuropeChicken and elephant domesticated in Indus ValleyEskimo culture begins in Bering Strait area4000Cities rise in the Indus ValleyEarliest written code of laws drawn up in SumerHerdsmen of Central Asia learn to tame and ride horses4500Bronze Age(cont.)Holocene(cont.)Years AgoArcheologyGeology1 Height of Roman Empire, Birth of Christ, Destruction of Pompeii (79), Persecution of Christians, Emperor Constantine, Establishment of Christian dominance, Decline of Roman Empire500 Rise of Islam, Dark Ages in Europe, Plague, Tang Dynasty in China, Sung Dynasty in China, Vikings 1000 Norman Conquest (1066), Cathedrals constructed, Genghis Khan, Ottoman empire in Turkey, Aztecs settle in Mexico, Printing Press1500 BEGINNING OF MODERN ERA, Printed Herbals, Columbus, Age of ExplorationCurrent EraHistory of Horticulture: Lecture 141600 William Shakespeare, Francis Bacon, Rembrandt, Cromwell1700 Gardens of Versailles, Isaac Newton, US Revolution (1776), Carolus Linnaeus1800 Thomas Andrew Knight: Beginning of Horticultural Science, Charles Darwin, GregorMendel; Birth of Genetics, Morrill Act 1900 Liberty Hyde Bailey—Wright Brothers flight—ASHS founded, Rediscovery of Mendel’s paper, Beginning of Genetics1910 Thomas Hunt Morgan & Drosophila, Mechanization of Agriculture, World War I1920 Hybrid Corn, Vitamins, Rise of Tractor in Agriculture1930 World Depression, Dust Bowl1940 World War II, VE,VJ Day, Cold War1950 DNA Structure, Watson & Crick, Korean Conflict, Genetic Code1960 Herbicides, Vietnam Era1970 Man on the Moon (1969), Green Revolution, Plasticulture, Tissue Culture, Micropropagation1980 Gene Transformation, Molecular Biology1990 Gulf War, Computers, Information Revolution—Internet2000 Genomics, Directed MutationYears ago4.5 Billion
View Full Document
Unlocking...