BIO 1B Plant Fungi Section Fall 2008 Instructor Thomas Carlson tcarlson berkeley edu Office Hours 9 10 00 AM on Monday Friday VLSB 2013 Week 1 8 27 8 29 Prokaryotes Cyanobacteria Archaea Eukaryotes Algae Fungi Bryophytes Lectures notes are on the website All questions on the exam will come from the lecture notes 1 Week 2 Campbell 8th Ed pp 564 567 575 598 600610 636 652 766 767 796 797 Campbell 7th Ed pp 529 531 534 548 549583 608 627 744 745 766 767 Campbell 6th Ed pp 511 526 544 545 574 575 589 616 632 778 779 2 Week 3 9 3 9 5 Pteridophytes Gymnosperms 9 8 10 12 Angiosperm 1 Campbell 8th Ed pp 625 634 801 815 Campbell 7th Ed pp 598 607 771 787 Campbell 6th Ed pp 601 606 615 783 795 Campbell 8th Ed pp 610 615 618 625 Campbell 7th Ed pp 584 590 591 597 Campbell 6th Ed pp 589 596 597 605 3 4 Week 5 Week 4 9 22 24 26 29 Plant Form and Fluid Transport Plant Nutrition Hormones Defenses 9 15 17 19 Angiosperm 2 Campbell 8th Ed pp 625 634 801 815 Campbell 7th Ed pp 598 607 771 787 Campbell 6th Ed pp 601 606 615 783 795 5 Campbell 8th Ed pp 738 754 764 767 772 782 789 798 185 189 Campbell 7th Ed pp 712 737 738 755 756 770 788 819 181 200 Campbell 6th Ed pp 720 747 748 766 795 797 767 778 802 828 176 196 6 Life Cycles Required for Bio 1B Plant Fungi Midterm Exam Required Life Cycles Basidiomycete Fungal Life Cycle Fig 31 19 31 5 Clamydomonas unicellular Green Algae Life Cycle Fig 28 22 Alternation of Generations Fig 29 5 Ulva multicellular Green algae Life cycle Laminaria multicellular Brown algae Life Cycle Fig 28 18 Bryophyte non tracheophyte Moss Life Cycle Fern non seed Tracheophyte Life Cycle Pine Gymnosperm Life Cycle Fig 30 6 Angiosperm Life Cycle Fig 30 10 38 2 38 3 38 5 38 7 7 Botany Fungi Section Foci Tree of Life and phylogenetic relationships Diversity of basal eukaryotes algae land plants fungi Reproduction strategies of organisms within these major groups Anatomy morphology form function Human uses as foods medicines fiber wood 8 Domains See the Forest through the Trees Bacteria Archaea Eukarya Introduction of the major groups of organisms based on the phylogenetic relationships Algae Land plants Fungi Animals 9 10 Three Domains of Living World Bacteria Archaea Eukarya Major Groups of Organisms see Figs 26 22 27 12 Table 27 2 Prokaryotes lack nuclei organelles sexual reproduction Bacteria e g cyanobacteria Archaea Eukaryotes have nuclei organelles sexual reproduction protozoans slime molds dinoflagellates water molds mildew diatoms algae Land Plants bryophytes pteridophytes gymnosperms angiosperms Fungi Animals 11 Prokaryotes Photosynthetic cyanobacteria gave earth its first oxygen atmosphere 1 8 billion years ago Beneficial or pathogenic bacteria in animals humans Nitrogen fixing bacteria archaea have profound effect on the productivity of natural ecosystems and agroecosystems 12 Cyanobacteria Cyanobacteria Gave Earth its first oxygen atmosphere starting 1 8 billion years ago Spirulina Possess chlorophyll that is not bounded by membranes into organelles like chloroplasts spiral shaped rich source of protein and carotenoids harvested from lakes in Mexico Africa Oregon California Currently discussed theory on origin of chloroplast suggests that Anabaena cyanobacteria type organisms became incorporated into early eukaryotes and evolved into chloroplasts Fig 28 2 13 Archaea Archaea Lack peptidoglycan in cell walls Ether linked branched lipids in cell membranes Live in conditions of extreme salinity low oxygen content high temperature high or low acidity 14 15 Euryarchaeota sub group of Archaea obligate anaerobes some are extreme halophiles salt lovers live in salt brines the dead sea contain pink carotenoids which give pink hue to salt brines 27 1 some are methanogens produce methane CH4 by reducing CO2 release 2 billion tons of methane gas in earth s atmosphere each year 1 3rd of the methane gas is produced in grazing herbivore guts Methanopyrus lives on ocean bottom near blazing vents Crenarchaeota sub group of Archaea thermophilic Fig 27 17 and acidophilic 16 Sulfolobus lives in hot sulfur springs Adapted from Table 27 2 in Campbell Table 26 1 in Purves Table 25 1 in Freeman Bacteria Archaea Eukarya Membrane bound nucleus organelles no no yes Circular chromosone yes yes no DNA with histone proteins no yes yes Operons Plasmids yes yes no operons rarely have plasmids Sexual Reproduction no no yes Cell Wall most have peptidoglycan with muramic acid varies but without when present peptidoglycan Cellulose plants muramic acid Chitin fungi invertebrates Membrane lipids Ester linked unbranched Ether linked branched Ester linked unbranched Some fix nitrogen yes yes no Some are methanogens no yes no Some have chlorophyll yes no yes Fossil record 3 4 billion years 1 75 billion years 17 1 75 billion years see Table 27 1 Transformation of CO2 other inorganic carbon sources into sugar Heterotroph An organism that requires preformed organic molecules as food Chemoheterotroph An organism that must obtain both carbon and energy from organic substances Bacteria Archaea six different biochemical pathways Photoheterotroph An organism that obtains energy from light but must obtain its carbon from organic substances Autotroph An organism that lives exclusively on inorganic materials water and some energy source such as sunlight Plants one biochemical pathway Chemoautotroph An organism that uses carbon dioxide CO2 as a carbon source and obtains energy by oxidizing inorganic substances from its environment Animals Fungi no pathways Photoautotroph An organism that obtains energy from light and carbon from carbon dioxide CO2 18 19 Domains Saprobe vs Parasite Bacteria Archaea Eukarya Saprobe An organism that obtains its carbon and energy directly from dead organic matter Parasite An organism that infects a living organism and consumes parts of the organism Parasites sometime kill the host Algae Land plants Fungi Animals 20 21 Eukarya Supergroup Excavata Supergroups within Eukarya Excavata giardia trichomonas trypanosoma leishmania Chromalveolata dinoflagellates plasmodium toxoplasma diatoms golden algae brown algae water molds powdery mildews Archaeplastids red algae green algae land plants Rhizaria Unikonta amoebozoa plasmodial and cellular slime molds fungi animalia 22 Diplomonadida Giardia Parabasala Trichomonas Euglenozoa Trypanosoma Leishmania 23 Eukarya Supergroup Chromalveolata Alveolata Dinoflagellates some are bioluminescent while others e g Gonyaulax tamarensis cause red tides and produce
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