Chapter 7 Review 1 Define metabolism anabolism and catabolism and give an example of each Metabolism Total of all of the chemical reactions that occur in living cells Anabolism reactions that involves doing work therefore requires energy Eg Glucose molecules joining together to make glycogen amino acids joining together to make proteins glycerol and fatty acids joining together to form triglyceride Catabolism breaking down of body compounds energy released Eg Breaking down proteins into amino acids 2 Name the 4 basic units derived from foods that are used by the body in energy metabolism The 4 basic units derived from foods are glucose 6 carbons glycerol 3 carbons fatty acids usually an even number of carbons often 16 or 18 and amino acids 2 3 or more carbons 3 What is adenosine triphosphate ATP and what is its role in the body ATP is a high energy molecule in the body ATP contains adenine ribose and 3 phosphates When their bonds are broken energy is released Body uses ATP to transfer energy released during catabolic reactions to power its anabolic reactions 4 What are coenzymes and what service do they provide in metabolism Coenzymes are organic molecules that work with enzymes to facilitate the enzyme s activities Without a coenzyme the enzyme cannot do it s job 5 What nutrients does the body use to meet most of its energy needs Which nutrient contributes the least The body uses carbohydrates and fats for most of its energy needs Amino acids are used primarily as building blocks for proteins but do contribute 1015 of the day s energy use 6 When a person fasts what adaptations does the body make In an effort to conserve body tissues for as long as possible the hormones of fasting slow metabolism During fasting the body can use its stores of fat to furnish most of its cells with energy but the red blood cells are completely dependent on glucose and the brain and nerves prefer energy in the form of glucose Glycerol and amino acids that yield 1 pyruvate can be used for gluconeogenesis the making of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources in the liver and kidneys To obtain the amino acids body proteins must be broken down Fat breakdown almost doubles providing energy for other body cells and glycerol for glucose production As the fast continues the body adapts by combining acetyl CoA fragments derived from fatty acids to produce an alternate energy source ketone bodies which can be used to fuel the brain Ketone bodies are compounds produced during the incomplete breakdown of fat when glucose is not available When ketone bodies contain an acid group COOH they are called keto acids When their concentration rises the pH of the blood drops and the state known as ketosis develops Ketosis is characterized by elevated blood ketones ketonemia excretion of ketones in the urine ketonuria and a fruity odor on the breath known as acetone breath 7 What are ketone bodies Ketone bodies are compounds produced during the incomplete breakdown of fat when glucose is not available When ketone bodies contain an acid group COOH they are called keto acids When their concentration rises the pH of the blood drops and the state known as ketosis develops Ketosis is characterized by elevated blood ketones ketonemia excretion of ketones in the urine ketonuria and a fruity odor on the breath known as acetone breath 8 What do the Dietary Guidelines say about alcohol consumption Those who drink alcohol should do so sensibility and in moderation Up to 1 drink day for women and 2 for men 9 What accounts for alcohol having a stronger effect on women vs men even at similar body weights Stomach alcohol dehydrogenase women produce less 10 Where is the primary site of alcohol metabolism How much alcohol can this organ process per hour Liver metabolisms about ounce of ethanol hour equivalent of about 1 drink 11 What are the stages that bring about advanced liver disease caused by chronic alcoholism Fatty liver 1st stage of liver deterioration Fibrosis 2nd stage of liver deterioration Cirrhosis most advanced stage least reversible 2 12 What effects does alcoholism have on nutrition Substituted energy 7 kcalories per gram Nutrient displacement Causes foliate deficiency Wernicke Korsakoff syndrome thiamin 3
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