Human Evolution Saturday October 30 2010 Human Evolution from the Perspective of a Non Human Primate Saturday October 30 2010 Outline Where in the Tree of Life do humans fit Humans are strange apes Review high lights of fossil record Out of Africa hypothesis Saturday October 30 2010 Saturday October 30 2010 You are Here Bacteria Red Algae Plants Saturday October 30 2010 Fly Ascidian Vertebrata You are Here Bacteria Red Algae Plants Fly Ascidian Vertebrata Phyrangeal gill slit notochord Blastula stage 9 2 Flagellum Eukaryotic Cell Universal Genetic Code Saturday October 30 2010 You are Here Lamprey Saturday October 30 2010 Shark Tuna Lungfish Frog Amniota You are Here Lamprey Shark Tuna Lungfish Frog Amniota Limbs Muscularized fins Ossified bones Jaws Vertebrae Saturday October 30 2010 You are Here Reptilia Saturday October 30 2010 Platypus Kangeroo Eutheria You are Here Reptilia Platypus Kangeroo Eutheria Vivipary Dentary squamosal jaw hair Egg with aminiotic fluid and membrane Saturday October 30 2010 You are Here Murphy et al 2001 Saturday October 30 2010 Humans are apes Absence of a tail More erect posture Relatively larger brains Greater flexibility in hips and ankles Lots of molecular evidence Saturday October 30 2010 Saturday October 30 2010 Saturday October 30 2010 Humans 23 pair of chromosomes Chimps Gorillas 24 pairs of chromosomes Saturday October 30 2010 C H G H C G 1 24 1 62 1 63 Intronic 0 93 1 23 1 21 Pseudogenes 1 64 1 87 2 14 X chromosome 1 16 1 47 1 50 Y chromosome 1 68 2 33 2 78 Synonymous 1 11 1 48 1 64 Nonsynonymous 0 80 0 93 0 90 Amino acid 1 34 1 58 1 65 Noncoding intergenic Coding Sequences Saturday October 30 2010 Humans are strange apes Bipedal Large brains Less body hair Less sexual dimorphism Technology Saturday October 30 2010 Saturday October 30 2010 Hominids Saturday October 30 2010 Saturday October 30 2010 mya millions of years ago kya thousands of years ago Saturday October 30 2010 8 15 mya Planet of the apes Barcelona to Yunnan Namibia to Hungary real species diversity No hominids mya millions of years ago kya thousands of years ago Saturday October 30 2010 6 mya Last common ancestor with chimpanzee Hominid clade Ardipithecus established 8 15 mya Planet of the apes Barcelona to Yunnan Namibia to Hungary real species diversity No hominids mya millions of years ago kya thousands of years ago Saturday October 30 2010 4 3 mya Adaptation to heavily masticated diets Australopithecus established 6 mya Last common ancestor with chimpanzee Hominid clade Ardipithecus established 8 15 mya Planet of the apes Barcelona to Yunnan Namibia to Hungary real species diversity No hominids mya millions of years ago kya thousands of years ago Saturday October 30 2010 2 7 mya Homo clade established Oldowan technology and large mammal butchery 4 3 mya Adaptation to heavily masticated diets Australopithecus established 6 mya Last common ancestor with chimpanzee Hominid clade Ardipithecus established 8 15 mya Planet of the apes Barcelona to Yunnan Namibia to Hungary real species diversity No hominids mya millions of years ago kya thousands of years ago Saturday October 30 2010 1 8 mya First expansion from Africa 2 7 mya Homo clade established Oldowan technology and large mammal butchery 4 3 mya Adaptation to heavily masticated diets Australopithecus established 6 mya Last common ancestor with chimpanzee Hominid clade Ardipithecus established 8 15 mya Planet of the apes Barcelona to Yunnan Namibia to Hungary real species diversity No hominids mya millions of years ago kya thousands of years ago Saturday October 30 2010 600 kya 1 8 mya Neanderthal clade established First expansion from Africa 2 7 mya Homo clade established Oldowan technology and large mammal butchery 4 3 mya Adaptation to heavily masticated diets Australopithecus established 6 mya Last common ancestor with chimpanzee Hominid clade Ardipithecus established 8 15 mya Planet of the apes Barcelona to Yunnan Namibia to Hungary real species diversity No hominids mya millions of years ago kya thousands of years ago Saturday October 30 2010 160 kya Anatomically modern Homo sapiens 600 kya Neanderthal clade established 1 8 mya First expansion from Africa 2 7 mya Homo clade established Oldowan technology and large mammal butchery 4 3 mya Adaptation to heavily masticated diets Australopithecus established 6 mya Last common ancestor with chimpanzee Hominid clade Ardipithecus established 8 15 mya Planet of the apes Barcelona to Yunnan Namibia to Hungary real species diversity No hominids mya millions of years ago kya thousands of years ago Saturday October 30 2010 30 kya Neanderthals go extinct 160 kya Anatomically modern Homo sapiens 600 kya Neanderthal clade established 1 8 mya First expansion from Africa 2 7 mya Homo clade established Oldowan technology and large mammal butchery 4 3 mya Adaptation to heavily masticated diets Australopithecus established 6 mya Last common ancestor with chimpanzee Hominid clade Ardipithecus established 8 15 mya Planet of the apes Barcelona to Yunnan Namibia to Hungary real species diversity No hominids mya millions of years ago kya thousands of years ago Saturday October 30 2010 After that Western Hemisphere colonized Darwin visits Galapagos Homo sapiens threatens global diversity 30 kya Neanderthals go extinct 160 kya Anatomically modern Homo sapiens 600 kya Neanderthal clade established 1 8 mya First expansion from Africa 2 7 mya Homo clade established Oldowan technology and large mammal butchery 4 3 mya Adaptation to heavily masticated diets Australopithecus established 6 mya Last common ancestor with chimpanzee Hominid clade Ardipithecus established 8 15 mya Planet of the apes Barcelona to Yunnan Namibia to Hungary real species diversity No hominids mya millions of years ago kya thousands of years ago Saturday October 30 2010 Saturday October 30 2010 Ardipithecus Saturday October 30 2010 Saturday October 30 2010 Saturday October 30 2010 Saturday October 30 2010 Saturday October 30 2010 Saturday October 30 2010 Saturday October 30 2010 Saturday October 30 2010 Saturday October 30 2010 Saturday October 30 2010 Saturday October 30 2010 Saturday October 30 2010 Evidence that Ardi walked bipedally Shape of upper pelvis The shape and muscle attachments are more like latter hominids and not like the chimp Shape of lateral foot Metatarsals 2 and 3 are propulsive because the hallux are divergent The ATV foot Shortened cranial base which is usually associated with bipedality though not
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