Class 4b: Population basicsFood resourcesFood resourcesHunger, malnutrition, and famineHunger, malnutrition, and famineWorld populationBasic demographicsMeasuring prosperityMeasuring prosperityGender and populationGender and populationGender and healthGender and Subsistence FarmingGender and Commercial FarmingClass 4b: Population basics• Food production and hunger• Population pressure (Egypt)• Population basics•Gender issuesFood resources• Where? Sunshine, water, soil• Population doubled since 1950• So has food production• But, in a different set of places• And, with expensive inputsFood resources• 30,000 edible species• 90% of food comes from 15 plants and 8 animals• Four crops total over 50% of calories• 90% of caloric energy is lost by going up a step in the food chainHunger, malnutrition, and famine• Hunger: insufficient food• Malnutrition: wrong kind of food– Insufficient protein, Vitamin A, etc.– Too much or not enough– Long-term problemHunger, malnutrition, and famine• Famine: inability to get food– More localized, temporary– Poverty > food shortage– Drought or natural disaster– Political conflict or displacement• Disease, not starvation, killsWorld population• 6.4 billion; 2.4 per secondBasic demographics• Crude birth rate: live births per 1000 people• Crude death rate: deaths per 1000 people• Infant mortality rate: deaths under 1 year old per 1000 people• Rate of natural increase: births - deaths• Fertility rate: average children born per womanMeasuring prosperity• GDP: gross domestic product• Measures all goods and services produced within a country• “Economic growth” means GDP growth• What’s wrong with GDP?– Only measures money changing hands– No quality of life measures– No subtraction for resource useMeasuring prosperity• HDI: human development index• Life expectancy at birth• Education (literacy and years of school)• Standard of living (GDP per capita)Gender and population• Social, not biological, difference• Gender roles tied to economic activity– Pre-agriculture, even responsibilities– Plow agriculture gave men land rights– Industrialization kept women at homeGender and population• Fertility rate from 4.5 in 1970 to 2.7• But 840 million to 1.5 billion women; 80% in developing countries• Low fertility rate correlates with high GDP• And high female literacy correlates with low fertilityGender and health• Maternal mortality ratio as health disparity• From 1 in 16 pregnancies (Africa) to 1 in 2000 (Europe)– 60% iron deficiency• 100 million “missing females”– Cultural preference, not povertyGender and Subsistence Farming• Men own land and plow• Women do everything else– Planting, weeding, harvesting– Kitchen gardens– Water and fuelwood• Environmental degradation affects women firstGender and Commercial Farming• Wage labor is more highly valued• Men migrate to cities; women head the household• But men still own the land and credit• Paid crops discourage subsistence crops• And men contribute 75% of
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