Class 8a: NationalismFrom culture……to territoryPolitical geographyStates and sovereigntyStates and sovereigntyState shapesWhat is a nation?Nation-statesStates without a nationNations without statesIsrael and PalestineIsrael and PalestineIsrael and PalestineIsrael and PalestineObstacles to peaceSeparatist movementsCentripetal forcesCentripetal forcesCentrifugal forcesBalkan PeninsulaBalkan PeninsulaBalkan PeninsulaBalkan PeninsulaBalkan PeninsulaClass 8a: Nationalism• Nations, states, and nation-states• Centripetal and centrifugal forces • State boundaries and shapesFrom culture…• Languages and dialects– Cause or symbol of cultural difference– Diffusion by migration or conquest• Religious beliefs and practices– Spatial distribution, diffusion, landscape…to territory• Languages and territory– Official languages, multilingualism• Religion and territory– Religion as differentiator– Control of sacred sites– Freedom to practice religionPolitical geography• How is space divided into territories?• Distribution of political phenomena• Spatial patterns of control• Conflicts over territories and bordersStates and sovereignty• Independent political unit• Permanent population, defined territory• Control over internal and foreign affairs (sovereignty)• Recognized by other statesStates and sovereignty• 193 states worldwide• Ex.: South Africa, Australia, Vanuatu• Not states: Colonies, protectorates (Puerto Rico) • Special cases: Taiwan, AntarcticaState shapes• Your responsibility!• Describe compact, prorupt, elongated, fragmented, and perforated states• Exclaves and enclaves• An example of eachWhat is a nation?• Group with a common culture• Occupying a particular territory• Strong sense of unity• “An imagined political community”Nation-states• When a nation and a state are the same• A sovereign territory with a distinct nation, or people• Stronger in theory than reality•Examples:States without a nation• Multinational states (Switzerland, U.S.)• May still exhibit nationalism• Newly independent states (Africa, Central Asia)• Common identity may be less contentiousNations without states• Distinct group of people without sovereign territory• Kurds, Basques, First Nations, Palestinians• Often seek autonomy or independenceIsrael and Palestine• Under Muslim control since Crusades• WWI: Great Britain mandate• Jewish migration allowed; increase during and after WWII• UN partition in 1947Israel and Palestine• Independence in 1948• War the next day• 1949 armistice line current international standardIsrael and Palestine• 1967 Six-Day War– Israel’s preemptive war– Sinai Peninsula, Gaza, West Bank• 1973 Yom Kippur War (Ramadan War)– Israel defends itself– U.S. support leads to oil crisisIsrael and Palestine• 1979 Camp David Accords– Peace with Egypt– First recognition of Israel by Arab state• 1981 Golan Heights annexed• 1994 start of a Palestinian stateObstacles to peace• Jewish settlements in West Bank• Jerusalem• Physical geography– Topography and security– WaterSeparatist movements• Territory (homeland)• Nationality• Peripheral location• Social and/or economic inequalityCentripetal forces• Holding a state together• Nationalism– Self-identification with the state– Acceptance of national goals– Iconography:Centripetal forces• Central institutions– Schools, churches, military • Infrastructure– Transportation and communication networksCentrifugal forces• Destabilize a state• Nationalism– Persecution by majority – Desire for autonomy• Geographic fragmentationBalkan Peninsula• History of ethnic, religious, linguistic diversity• Ruled by Austria-Hungary, Ottomans• Assassination sparked WWI• Yugoslavia created by AlliesBalkan Peninsula• WWII: Croatians welcome Germans• Soviets and Tito liberate the country• Communist dictatorship 1953-1980• Six autonomous republics• Five nationalities, four languages, three religions (two alphabets)Balkan Peninsula• New countries: Slovenia, Croatia, Macedonia, Yugoslavia (Serbia)• Bosnia and Herzegovina– 40% Bosnian Muslim, 32% Serbian, 18% Croatian (4.2 million total)– Ethnic cleansing of Bosnian MuslimsBalkan Peninsula• 250,000 dead; 2.7 million refugees of 4.2 million (half returned)• Dayton Accords (1995)– Two republics– Rotating presidencyBalkan Peninsula• Multinational state: Yugoslavia• Nations: Serbia, Bosnia• States: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia• Nation-state:
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