Class 13a: Services and transportationWhat are services?Slide 3Slide 4Where are services?Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Central place theorySlide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15Slide 16Slide 17Slide 18Slide 19Slide 20Slide 21Slide 22Slide 23So what?Slide 25TransportationSlide 27Transportation geographySlide 29Slide 30Slide 31Slide 32Class 13a: Services and transportation• Tertiary economic activity• Central place theory• Transportation geography • Air pollutionWhat are services?•No tangible product•“Leftover” economic activity•Consumer vs. business vs. public–Retail vs. personal–Producer vs. transportationWhat are services?•Bifurcated wages, skills•Labor more important, but fewer unions•More women (“pink-collar” workers)•Tertiary, quaternary, or quinaryWhere are services?•From local to global•More developed = more service jobs•“Post-industrial” economiesCentral place theory•How are services distributed?•Why does a regular pattern exist?•How are large and small cities connected?•Central place: market center for regionCentral place theory•Range: how far are you willing to travel for a service?•Threshold: how many customers do you need?•Assume shortest distance possible•Threshold < range•Market area, not city size, mattersCentral place theory•Hexagonal market areas–Cover all space–No overlap•First order: largest threshold and range•Second order, etc.First orderRangeFirst orderRangeFirst orderNew rangeFirst orderSecond orderFirst orderSecond orderFirst orderSecond orderNew rangeFirst orderSecond orderThird orderNew rangeFirst orderSecond orderThird orderFirst orderSecond orderThird orderOrder Theoretical numberActual numberTheoretical spacingActual spacing2 154 153 11.2 10.33 39 39 22.4 23.64 10 9 44.8 49.65 2-3 3 89.6 94.06 0-1 0 179.2 --Central place theory•Accessibility based on time, not distance•Administrative principle–Political boundaries affect consumers–Lower taxes, more permissive rulesSo what?•Model for regional development•Explains decline as well as growth–Neighborhood or city scale•The point is not the hexagons, but the hierarchy and interconnectedness of placesTransportation•Enables all other economic activity–Derived demand •Important in its own right•Accessibility: existence of opportunities•Mobility: ability to get there•Equity of accessibility and mobilityTransportation geography•Shrinking distance•Changing technology•Changing accessibility and mobility•Impact on landscapeTransportation geography•New technology: container shipping•No break-of-bulk•Less labor needed•Less “slippage”•Concentration on a few
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