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Class 9b: ColonialismColonialism definitionsMotives for colonialismFirst wave: 1492 to 1825Slide 5Portuguese colonialismSpanish colonialismSlide 8French colonialismEnglish colonialismFirst wave: Impacts at homeFirst wave: independenceSecond wave: 1885-1900Second wave: AfricaSlide 15Second wave: Middle EastSlide 17Second wave: independenceSlide 19Second wave: impactsImpacts of colonialism: first waveSecond wave impacts: nation-buildingSecond wave impacts: state-buildingSecond wave impacts: economicsSlide 25Second wave impacts: infrastructureSecond wave impacts: psychological•First wave of colonialism (Americas)•Second wave (Africa, East Asia, etc.)•Dismantling colonial empires•Impacts of colonialismClass 9b: ColonialismColonialism definitions•Colony: territory tied to a sovereign state–No foreign policy, military –Sometimes internal affairs, too•Colonialism–A state imposes political, economic, cultural systems on another territory–May encourage settlementMotives for colonialism•Nationalism, economic, or cultural•“God, gold, and glory”–Missionaries spreading Christianity–Resources for European economies –More colonies = more powerful stateFirst wave: 1492 to 1825•Why were Europeans the colonizers in the 1400s?First wave: 1492 to 1825•Location, location, location–European trading cities oriented to the sea–West African trading cities oriented inland–East Africa, China and India farther away from Americas–Trade winds favored EuropePortuguese colonialism•Earliest explorers in Africa•Policy of trade, not settlement–Gold as part of mercantilism–Diseases harmful to Europeans•Developed slavery system in late 1400s–Laborers as commodities to be used up–Linking status and humanity with colorSpanish colonialism•Different historical and political context–Coming out of Reconquista–More interested in settlement• Different physical context–Europeans brought diseases–Settlers brought plants, animals–Slaves imported for plantationsSpanish colonialism•Distinctive urban landscapes•More mixing of cultures•Treaty of Tordesillas with Portugal (1494)–Portugal got Africa and East Indies–Spain got the Americas (minus Brazil)French colonialism•More gradual approach to Americas•Settlement/trade major motivations–Catholic/Protestant conflicts at home–Traded beaver; no gold or silver• More equal interactions with Natives–Fewer settlers–Less penetration inlandEnglish colonialism•Still different political situation–Slower rise as maritime power–Colonial experience gained in Ireland•Focus on settlement •More hostile towards nativesFirst wave: Impacts at home•Portugal and Spain–Colonies as resource-based economies•France–Battles with England shifted to colonies–Less settlement, less impact• Great Britain–Learned from others, rose to greatest prominenceFirst wave: independence•Number of colonies began to decrease in 1776•Led to French Revolution and European unrest•Led to wars of revolution in Latin America (from 1801 in Haiti to 1825 in Bolivia)• Abolition of slave trade, then slavery (from 1807/1833 in Britain to 1819/1863 in U.S.)Second wave: 1885-1900•Europe needed new markets•Surplus population from demographic transition•Increased nationalism •Geographical expeditions to Africa promised resources, marketsSecond wave: Africa•1885 Europe began carving up Africa•Establishing trade, obtaining resources•"Humanitarian" mission•Increased political prestige•Everyone else is doing itSecond wave: Africa•Arbitrary straight lines on the map–Cultural groups divided–Minorities preferred as collaborators•British adjusted their governance by place•French tried to import French cultureSecond wave: Middle East•World War I: Ottoman Empire joined Germany•Britain captured Iraq; received local support with promise for self-rule•Ottoman territory carved into “mandates”•Nationalist uprisings against British, French •Independence in 1930s; military remainedSecond wave: 1885-1900•Impact of WWII–Germany, Italy, Japan lost colonial blocs–U.S. exchanged aid for trade access–Start of Cold War•From 134 colonies in 1950 to 58 in 1961Second wave: independence•Generally peaceful transitions–Britain worked with nationalist leaders–France more neo-colonial; fought and lost in Vietnam and Algeria –Belgium simply left Zaire; fierce fighting•From 1943-1990, 98 “new” statesSecond wave: independence•Two paths to development•State ownership or protection (India)–Not favored by US, Europe•Free market–Prone to corruption–Economic colonialismSecond wave: impacts•Impact on former home countries–Economic benefits without administrative costs–Cold War fought through proxies–Increasing numbers of immigrantsImpacts of colonialism: first wave•Decimation of native population (90%)•Forced migration of slave populations•Diffusion of language, religion•Distinctive city plans, architecture•Wealth to home countriesSecond wave impacts: nation-building•Creating new national identity•Resentment of favored minorities •Importance of leadership•New (or restored) iconographySecond wave impacts: state-building•High military spending –Est. 1/3 of African spending–Better since Cold War•Tendency toward military rule•African commitment to state bordersSecond wave impacts: economics•Strong ties to former colonial powers–Main trade partner–Migration field–Source for tourism•Dependence on a single commodity–Resource-based national economySecond wave impacts: economics•Patterns of land ownership–Plantations concentrated ownership–White settlers had best land•Nationalization vs. privatization•Two internal economic systemsSecond wave impacts: infrastructure•Fragmented infrastructure•Roads and rail oriented towards ports•Lack of connection between countries•Communications, tooSecond wave impacts: psychological•Belief in Western superiority•“Experts” trusted over locals•From distrust to trust of


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Sac State GEOG 100 - Colonialism

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