Class 11b: Urban geographyWhat is a city?Slide 3Why cities?Where are cities?Slide 6Ancient citiesSlide 8Medieval citiesSlide 10Slide 11Industrial citiesWorld citiesEconomics of citiesSlide 15Von Thünen’s land use modelSlide 17Slide 18Slide 19Slide 20Slide 21Slide 22Slide 23Slide 24Slide 25Slide 26Slide 27Urban land use modelsConcentric circlesSlide 30Slide 31Sector modelSlide 33Slide 34Slide 35Multiple nucleiSlide 37Slide 38Slide 39Suburbs and inner citiesSlide 41•Why cities? Where?•Internal spatial dynamicsClass 11b: Urban geography •Suburbanization•Inner citiesWhat is a city? •A central place (exports good and services to a larger region) •A place of a certain size and density–200 in Denmark–2,000 in the U.S.–20,000 in Japan•A recent phenomenon (3% in 1800)Rubenstein 13-1Why cities? •Specialization of labor•Agglomeration and efficiency–Economies of scale–Sharing suppliers, customers, services•Administration and organization•DefenseWhere are cities? •Site: characteristics of the place itself•Situation: relative characteristicsGateway to gold country At a silver depositHead of navigation On a railroadWaterfall River deltaGetis 12.9Ancient cities •Crossroads, water sources–Jericho (9000 BC)–Catal Huyuk (6000 BC)–Memphis (3000 BC)•Cooperation on irrigation, defense–Ur (5000 BC)•Interdependence of city and countryJerichoCatal HuyukMedieval cities •Small by today’s standards–1 square mile; 300,000 inhabitants•Surrounded by wall, farm fields•Military strategy, religion, crossroads•Organic city planKöln/Cologne, GermanyTombouctou/Timbuktu, MaliIndustrial cities •Rapid urban growth•New cities: close to power sources, markets–Coalfields (Manchester, UK)–Water power (Lowell, MA)•Health and social issues –London (Dickens)–Chicago (The Jungle)World cities •Based on services, not goods•Face-to-face contact, communications•Global orientation, internal inequalities•NYC, London, TokyoEconomics of cities •Your responsibility!•Basic vs. nonbasic industries •Examples (Figure 12.11)•Multiplier effectGetis 12.11 (six separate)Von Thünen’s land use model•German landowner in 1800s•Noticed pattern of agricultural land use•Three assumptions:–Isolated city (no trade)–Surrounded by homogenous landscape–All that matters is transport costsDistance from marketLand valueDistance from marketLand valueDistance from marketLand valueDistance from marketLand valueDistance from marketLand valueDistance from marketLand valueGetis 12.19Getis 12.22Urban land use models•CBD: “highest and best use”•What happens beyond?•Three models of Chicago–“Featureless plain”–University of Chicago•Not mutually exclusiveConcentric circles•Sociologist in 1920s•CBD, then “zone of transition”•Working-class homes•Middle-class homes•Commuter suburbs•Urban ecology: invasion and successionRubenstein 13-5Rubenstein 13-8Sector model•Economist in 1930s•Central activities expand out by sector•High-end housing in attractive sector•Industrial near transportation•Middle-class housing next to high-end•Lower-class housing gets the restRubenstein 13-6, 13-9Sector model•Status displayed via housing•Middle class always moves outward•Vacancy chains start•Fastest growing suburbs = poorest inner cityBuffaloSLCChicagoMultiple nuclei•Geographers in 1940s•CBD isn’t the only center•Commercial, industrial, port, etc. “nodes”•Expanding nodes intersectRubenstein 13-9, 13-10Getis 12.25, 12.26Suburbs and inner cities•Suburban residents and jobs came from somewhere•Growth now limited to suburbs•Segregation by class, race•Falling tax income, rising service needs•Spatial mismatch: jobs moved, poor didn’tSuburbs and inner cities•But agglomeration still matters•And immigrants still arrive in cities•Increasing redevelopment of downtowns–LoDo in Denver–Battery Park in NYC–Jack London Square in Oakland–Train station in
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