Class 10a: Race and ethnicityDefinitionsEthnicity in the U.S.African-AmericansAfrican-Americans: Great MigrationSlide 6African-Americans: Urban ghettosNew Africans in AmericaSouth Africa and apartheidSlide 10Slide 11Race in the CensusSlide 13•Race/ethnicity and territory•African-Americans and Africans•Apartheid and South Africa•Race and the CensusClass 10a: Race and ethnicityDefinitions•Race: A genetically distinct population–Traits are passed on biologically–Racism: based on biological inferiority•Ethnicity: A historically and culturally distinct population–Similar to nations–Usually describes minority groupsEthnicity in the U.S.•African-American (13%)•Hispanic (11%)•Asian-American (4%)•American Indian (1%)African-Americans•Three migrations at three scales•Forced migration from Africa–1619-1863: over 10 million Africans–Source of labor for plantations–Triangle tradeAfrican-Americans: Great Migration•Push of poverty, cotton mechanization•Pull of jobs, tolerance•1910s-1920s; 1940s-1950s•Followed main transportation routes•Maintained strong connections to homeAfrican-Americans: Great Migration•Push of poverty, cotton mechanization, segregation•Pull of jobs, tolerance•1910s-1920s; 1940s-1950s•Followed main transportation routes•Maintained strong connections to homeAfrican-Americans: Urban ghettos•Extreme overcrowding (100,000 per square mile, not 10)•Restrictive covenants•Redlining of black neighborhoods•City-within-a-city•White flight and blockbusting (after Brown vs. Board of Ed)New Africans in America•Black ≠ African-American•Recent migrants from Africa, Caribbean•Tension between two groups•But seen as same by whitesSouth Africa and apartheid•Dutch, British colonists•Refusal of Afrikaners to allow black rule•Strict segregation by race (1948)•White (13%), black (76%), colored•Homes, school, jobs, stores, land, ambulancesSouth Africa and apartheid•Blacks could not vote or run for office•Whites-only jobs, territories•Blacks needed papers to travel•Homelands or bantustansSouth Africa and apartheid•Economic sanctions from 1978•Prohibitions on international competitions•1984: some restrictions lifted•1991: apartheid declared over•1994: Nelson Mandela first black presidentRace in the Census•Included since 1790 Census (3/5 Compromise)•1850-1900: mulatto, quadroon, octoroon•1930: Mexican•1960-1980: Hispanic listed as white•2000: multiple boxes allowed (7 million)•Long form includes “ancestry”Race in the Census•Asian = race–Multiple ethnicities within one race•African-American, black = race–Only one category•Hispanic = ethnicity–Multiple ethnicities, one
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