Class 3b: Climate and WeatherToday’s classMap projectionsSlide 4Cylindrical projectionsCylindrical projections: Gall- PetersConic projectionsPlanar projectionsOther projectionsSlide 10Slide 11Air pressure and windsGlobal air circulationSlide 14Slide 15Slide 16Ocean currentsSlide 18Slide 19Climate classificationSlide 21Slide 22Weather: hurricanesSlide 24Slide 25Class 3b: Climate and WeatherToday’s class•Map projection leftovers•Air pressure and winds•Climate comparisons•Weather: hurricanesMap projections•Project a round globe onto a flat surface•Options?•Stretch out some areas•Cut out some areas•Shrink some areasMap projections•Three properties to consider–Area (equal-area or equivalent)–Shape (conformal)–Distance (equidistant)–Choose two out of three•How large an area?•Purpose of the map•Ulterior motives?Cylindrical projections•Shapes are preserved•But not area!•Mercator projection•Deliberate distortion?–Cold War–ColonialismCylindrical projections: Gall- Peters•Adjusting Mercator for a more “just” map •Also preserves area•Distorts shape differentlyConic projections•Best for hemispheres or small regions•Area and shape only slightly distortedPlanar projections•Equidistant; good for navigation•Only good for one hemisphere•Distorts area, not shapeOther projections•Based on more complicated math•Interrupted, oval, combinationGoodeRobinsonDymaxionAir pressure and winds•Air is a fluid•Warmer air is less dense•Air moves from dense to less dense conditions•Ex.: Land-sea breezesGlobal air circulation•Equator receives most insolation•Hot air rises, heads towards poles•Air becomes heavy and sinks at 30°N and S•Plus the Coriolis effect•Warmer air “holds” more water•Low pressure=warm air=precipitation•High pressure=cold air=dry airOcean currents•Follow same circular pattern (driven by wind)•Warm currents flow away from equator, pile up on eastern shores–Gulf Stream, Brazil•Cold currents flow towards equator, cause upwelling–Humboldt/Peru, CaliforniaClimate classification•Temperature and precipitation•Köppen classification system•Nine types, plus highlandsClimate classification•Form groups according to climate•Verify your answers•Look at South America: find a city or country with your climate (Humid continental and subarctic/tundra, use North America—why?)•Explain how insolation, global air circulation, altitude, and land/water proximity make your place have the climate that it doesWeather: hurricanes•Start at low pressure centers•Warm air rises•Water evaporates with energy from sun•With condensation, energy is
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