Class 7b: Geographies of ReligionReligion and cultureReligion and geographyDistribution of religionsDistribution of ChristianityDiffusion of ChristianitySlide 7Christianity and the landscapeChristianity and territory: IrelandDistribution of IslamFive pillars of IslamOther practices of IslamOther beliefs of IslamDiffusion of IslamSlide 15Islam and the landscapeIslamic artIslam and territory: SpainReligion and fundamentalismClass 7b: Geographies of ReligionReligion and culture•Everyone has values and morals•Religion means worship, faith in the sacred or divine•Mentifacts: individuals’ beliefs•Sociofacts: relationships based on those beliefsReligion and geography •Spatial distribution of religions•Diffusion of religious beliefs and practices•Impact on the landscape•Territorial conflicts over religionDistribution of religions •Universalizing religions–Christianity, Islam, Buddhism•Ethnic religions–More than a statement of faith–Judaism, Hinduism, Shinto•Tribal or traditional religions–Animism, shamanismDistribution of Christianity •Largest religion (2 billion)•Three major branches–Roman Catholic 50%–Protestant 25%–Eastern Orthodox 10%•Others: Pentecostal, Mormon, Armenian, Coptic, MaronitesDiffusion of Christianity •Began in Jerusalem•Official religion of Rome by 313•Split Roman Empire and Christian church–Roman Catholicism in West–Eastern Orthodox in East•Protestant Reformation second split–Catholicism in South–Protestantism in NorthDiffusion of Christianity •Spread to New World by colonizers, settlersChristianity and the landscape•Church as center of settlement–Collective worship important–Architecture, layout symbolic•Cemeteries as land use•Hierarchy of spatial organizationChristianity and territory: Ireland•English colony•Independence in 1937•6 counties voted to stay•North discriminated against Catholics•IRA: terrorism for unity•1966-1999: 3000 deadDistribution of Islam •Fastest growing religion (1.2 billion)•Two major branches–Sunni 85%–Shiite 15%•North Africa, SW Asia, IndonesiaFive pillars of Islam•There is no God but God, and Muhammad is his prophet•Pray 5 times daily, facing Mecca•Give to charity•Fast daily during Ramadan•Pilgrimage to Mecca at least once (hajj)Other practices of Islam•Qur’an or Koran: sacred text–Revealed to Muhammad–Should be read in Arabic•Hadith: sayings and actions of Muhammad–“Chain of reporters”–Open to interpretation (e.g., veiling)Other beliefs of Islam•Tolerance of People of the Book–Jews, Christians–Descendants of Ishmael•More egalitarian than Christianity–No intermediaries–Worshippers are equalsDiffusion of Islam •Began in Mecca and Medina in 622•Spread rapidly to east and west•Conquered North Africa, Spain, SE Europe within 200 years•Traders spread to SE Asia, AfricaDiffusion of Islam •Split over succession–Shiites insist on hereditary leaders–Sunnis do not•Iran, Bahrain, southern Iraq: Shiite•Iraq civil war?Islam and the landscape•Sacred cities: Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem–Muhammad’s birthplace, Ka’ba–Muhammad’s first “conquest”–Muhammad’s ascent to Heaven•Mosques for community gathering, worship–Mihrab points to Mecca–Minaret: tower for call to prayerIslamic art•Images of God (Allah) forbidden•Images of people, animals discouraged•Importance of words•Geometric patterns, flowersIslam and territory: Spain•Muslims reached as far as France and Vienna•Ruled much of Spain for 300 years•Driven out by 1492•Forced conversion sent Muslims, Jews eastReligion and fundamentalism•Ultraconservative beliefs•Reaction to modernism•Want to institutionalize their values•“Us against the
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