Hist 112 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 13 - 23Jane Addams Hull HouseHull House was a social welfare project put together by Jane Addams in Chicago in 1889. It was a place where busy mothers could find daycare for their children or poor immigrants could find help getting started, and many other services. It was an American model of a settlement house, and eventually therewere 400 houses like it across the nation.MuckrakersJournalists who forced Americans to look at pressing issues. Include Jacob Riis, Ida Tarbell, & Upton Sinclair.Jacob Riis – How the Other Half Lives (1890)Riis was a photojournalist who documented different cities.Ida Tarbell – The History of Standard Oil (1904)Exposed Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Company, which had become a monopoly that harmed the consumer.Upton Sinclair – The Jungle (1906)Wrote about the horrifying conditions in the meat packing industry“Separate spheres”Ideology that men and women live in separate spheres.Emma Goldman & Margaret SangerGoldman—political anarchist. Sanger—advocate of birth control.AFL/Samuel GompersThe American Federation of Labor, whose President was Samuel Gompers, was a labor union that only accepted skilled workers. Founded in 1886.IWW/Will HaywoodIn response to the AFL the Industrial Workers of the World was created in 1905. It was run by William “Big Bill” Haywood, and it welcomed all workers.Socialist Party/Eugene V. DebsThe Socialist Party was founded in the US in 1901. Eugene V. Debs was its leader. He ran for president in1912 and won 6% of the vote. At that time socialist leaders were elected all over the country in big and small cities. The socialist party especially regulated the work of women and children.Interstate Commerce Commission (1887)Mostly regulated railroad prices to keep them reasonable. Was ineffective until TR’s presidency.Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890)Gave Congress the authority to break up monopolies. Was also ineffective until TR’s presidency.Initiative, Referendum, RecallGives power to the citizens to vote on legislation, propose new laws, and recall elected officials.Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1908)Became president after McKinley was assassinated in 1901. Grew very popular with Americans by utilizing the Sherman Anti-Trust Act and passing a lot of important legislature.“Square Deal”The platform TR ran on in the 1904 election. Works to regulate big business because some is good, but some is bad. Also encourages Congress to take regulatory action.Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) & Meat Inspection Act (1906)Response to Sinclair’s “The Jungle.” Took action to regulate health standards in the food industry.Hepburn Act (1906)Gave Congress the authority to force rates on large companies like the railroadTaft (1908-1912)Endorsed by TR, wins 1908 election. He started off very progressive (supported 16th amendment, bustedtrusts…), but eventually America turned against him because he was no longer progressive. Ran for 1912election and lost.16th AmendmentImposed a system of graduated income tax in 1913.Bull Moose PartyCreated by TR in 1912 because he was unhappy with Taft. Essentially the progressive party. New NationalismTR’s platform in the 1912 election. Similar to square deal.New FreedomWilson’s platform in 1912 election. Wanted to strengthen anti-trust legislation, workers unions, small business, etc. Also believed that the government wouldn’t have to heavily regulate the economy forever.17th AmendmentDirect election of senators. 1913.FTC (1914)Federal Trade Commission regulated unfair business practices.Clayton Act (1914)Strengthened labor unions by freeing them from anti-trust laws. Greater labor unions = less governmentregulation.Keating Owen Act (1916)Prohibited child labor in interstate manufacturing.Adamson Act (1916)Enforced 8 hour work days on the railroad.Warehouse Act (1916)Essentially the subtreasury scheme. Government would store farmer’s goods in warehouse, creating a rise in demand. Would also give the farmers low interest loans.19th AmendmentGave women the right to vote. Passed in 1919, ratified in 1920.Gavrilo PrincipSerbian nationalist who assassinated the Archduke Franz Ferdinand (heir to the Austrian-Hungarian throne) on June 28, 1914. The assassination caused Austria-Hungary to declare war on Serbia, leading toWWI.Collective defenseRefers to the system of alliances that caused World War I to involve so many countries. Alliances included:- An informal alliance between Britain and France- A formal alliance between Germany and Austria-Hungary- A secret alliance that Britain would defend Belgium neutrality- An alliance between France and Russia as they recognized other European powers as threats to both of them.German unification & German empireStrong German nationalism in the 1800s led to the creation of a single German nation. This nation was led by Otto Von Bismarck of Prussia. The creation of the single German empire in 1871 caused Britain some anxiety. Germany was a large nation and Britain did not want any one European nation dominating the others.Arms raceClosely linked with industry. Germany and England wanted to outdo each other’s navies. Dreadnoughts became prominent in oceanic warfare. They were massive ships with extremely powerful guns and werepowered by steam so they travelled fast. The arms race took place not just in Germany and Britain, but in a large part of Europe. By 1914 the continent was very “trigger happy,” which eventually led to WWI.Mobilization plansImmediate plans for the nation’s military in case war broke out. Militaries were very committed to their mobilizations plans. Countries started making them around 1914 when they suspected WWI would break out.Schlieffen planThe German mobilization plan. Germany would invade France through Belgium while also attacking Russia on the East (2 fronts).Russian planThe Russian mobilization plan. Russia would focus all of its power against Germany in order to take out German allies.Entente powersEntente powers of WWI were England, France and Russia with the help of Italy, US, and Japan.Central powersThe central powers of WWI were Germany and Austria-Hungary with the help of the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria.War of attritionWWI was a war of attrition in that there was no specific objective (e.g. take the opposing nation’s capitol). Instead, the two sides slowly wore each other down with high death rates and lack of