Hist 112 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 11Gettysburg Address What: a short, but powerful speech Who: given by President Lincoln When: during the Civil War on November 9, 1863 Where: at the National Soldier Cemetery in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania Why: to commemorate the death of the soldiers (on both sides) who had died there What did it say? Lincoln brought up that the Founding Fathers intended to establish that a large democratic government could bring freedom to its peoples. If the South was allowed to succeed, it would mean the Founding Fathers had failed. Other countries, which had looked to America as “a city on a hill” would see that democracy can’t be done on a large scale and that it is not possible to give all men social and economic freedoms. Historical significance: considered one of the best speeches in historyPositive Liberty Who: coined by Isaiah Berlin What: the freedom to do something  Historical significance: this was the point of view taken by many freed slaves, farmers, and industrial workers in the late 1800s and Northerners in the Civil WarNegative Liberty Who: coined by Isaiah Berlin What: the freedom from something Historical significance: this was the point of view taken by white Southerners during the Civil War and ReconstructionEmancipation Proclamation What: a bill that said that slaves would be freed unless the Confederates surrendered Who: administered by Lincoln  When: September 22, 1862—but it did not go into effect until January 1, 1863 (100 days later) Where: slave freedom would take place ONLY in Confederate states Why: Lincoln hoped that the proclamation would lead the Confederates to come to their senses and surrender Historical significance: Lincoln had been under pressure (by Horace Greely) to change the face ofthe war to be about freeing slaves. Lincoln did not want to do that right away because the Northwas struggling. After the Battle of Antietam, where the North forced the South to retreat out of Northern territory, Lincoln decided to hit the South where it hurts and free their 4 million slaves, therefore changing the purpose of the war.Freedmen What: a last name chosen by freed slaves When: after the Civil War Historical significance: For the first time mass amounts of slaves were able, not only to choose a last name for themselves, but to get land, become educated, vote, get married legally, form groups and churches, and have geographical freedom.Reconstruction Amendments What: the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments Who: implemented by Congress Why: to protect African Americans’ rights not just by law, but by making them constitutional Historical significance: 13th Amendment What: says that slavery is unconstitutional When: December 1865 Why: many Northerners believed that everyone should have the same right to economic and social freedoms Historical significance: changed the entire socioeconomic system of the South14th Amendment What: granted full citizenship to blacks and offered them equal protection under the law When: July 1868 Why: many southern states were making Black Codes to put African Americans into virtual slavery Historical significance: the 14th amendment has impacted societal relations with blacks and was a giant step in getting to where we are today15th Amendment What: the right to vote cannot be denied on the basis of skin color When: February 1870 Why: many Northerners believed that “freedom” included the ability to participate in government Historical significance: ideally, this was a way for blacks to improve their lives; however, throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, African Americans were denied the right to vote due to other factorsCarpet Baggers Who: Northerners that moved to the South to help with Reconstruction When: during reconstruction (1860s and 1870s) Why: saw a chance to help rebuild (and maybe profit from) a broken society Historical significance: helped spread radical Republican ideas to the South, and played a huge role in rebuilding the South and helping blacks adjust to freedom *Note*: Republicans in the South who aided in reconstruction were called scalawagsFree Wage Labor What: the economic system used in America today, where a worker has the right to negotiate wages, hours, and their job Where: developed in the industrial North When: grew during the mid-1800s in America as industry grew Why: industry revolutionized the work force Historical significance: the Northerners viewed free wage labor as superior to the social hierarchy of slavery and wanted to impose FWL in the South“Free soil, free labor, free men” What: the philosophy of Northerners—every man has the right to “run the race” of life When: mid-1800s, industrial revolution Why: as free-wage labor grew in the North, it formed people’s view of society to be focused on positive liberty Historical significance: became the motivation for the Civil War and ReconstructionFreedmen’s Bureau Who: a group to help newly-freed slaves adjust to free life What: helped them find jobs, negotiate legal matters, build schools, hospitals and houses and distribute supplies When: 1865-1872 Where: mostly the South Historical significance: the Freedmen’s Bureau was somewhat successful in making social and political advances for blacksTen percent plan What: Lincoln’s plan for reconstruction When: December 1863 What did it say? Southern states will be granted amnesty and restored to the Union when 10% of the white males have sworn an oath of allegiance to the Union Why: Lincoln was lenient because he wanted it to seem as if the South had never left the Union Historical significance: was rejected by CongressWade-Davis Bill What: Congress’s reaction to Ten Percent Plan When: 1864 What did it say? Required oat of loyal from 50% of white males and guaranteed blacks equal protection under the law Why: Congress believed the punishment for secession should be more harsh and that freed slaves’ liberties should be addressed Historical significance: was rejected by Lincoln, therefore characterizing the struggle over how reconstruction should be handledPresidential Reconstruction Who: President Johnson  When: 1865-1867 What: excluded confederate