Biodiversity IBacteria on the point of a pinProkaryotic EvolutionArchaebacteria & EubacteriaMolecular Classification“Heat-loving” prokaryotesProkaryotic ShapesCharacteristics of ProkaryotesSlide 9Parts of a bacteria.Slide 11ConjugationWhat is a protist?Eukaryotic OriginsThe endosymbiotic theory of eukaryotic cell evolution?Slide 16Slide 17There are Seven SuperGroups of ProtistsAlternation of GenerationsSlide 20Phylum Chlorophyta ( Green Algae)Slide 22Red Algae (Rhotaphyta)Brown AlgaeSlide 26Slide 27Slide 28Too diverse for one kingdom: Australian bull kelp (Durvillea potatorum)DiatomsSlide 31Alveolates Contain flattened sacs under the membrane.DINOFLAGELLATESApicomplexa Animal parasites.This is the life cycle of malaria. Plasmodium sp.Slide 36Slide 37Slide 38EuglenaSlide 40DiplomonadsHiker’s Diarrhea: The CulpritSlide 43Slide 44The “amobas.”You can see an amoeba capturing prey on the right.Too diverse for one kingdom: a slime mold (Physarum polychalum)Slide 48RadiolariansSlide 50Opisthokonts Refer to lab manual text Bacteria and ProtistsKingdom Monera is NOT monophyleticTwo main branches ◦Archaebacteria = extreme environments◦Eubacteria or Bacteriaprokaryotic cellsabundantimportant decomposers and symbionts57Most prokaryotes have one of 3 basic shapes-Bacillus = Rod-shaped -Coccus = Spherical-Spirillum = Helical-shapedCell surfaces◦Plasma membrane◦cell walls of peptidoglycan in EubacteriaPolysaccharides cross-linked with peptidesArchaea do not possess peptidoglycanSome have pseudomurein◦may have capsule or pili9Genome◦in the nucleoid region◦major chromosomeone doubled stranded DNA molecule forms a ring ◦PlasmidsExchanged in conjugation ( This is their form of sexual reproduction) OTHERWISE reproduction is mostly ASEXUAL12E. coliMember of Kingdom Protista.◦The first eukaryotic cells.◦Single-celled, multi-cellular, or in colonies.Some basic features:◦They are autotrophic, heterotrophic, or both.◦Found in every environment on earth where water is found.◦They exhibit sexual or asexual reproduction.14The nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum arose from infoldings of prokaryotic cell membraneEukaryotic organelles evolved from a consortium of symbiotic prokaryotes◦Mitochondria were aerobic heterotrophic prokaryotes ◦chloroplasts were photosynthetic prokaryotesThe idea that some cells engulfed other cells, and didn’t “digest” them.They became symbiotic with one another..17:1. Chromalveolates (Stremonophiles)2. Chromalveolates (Alveolates)3. Excavates4. Archaoplastids5. Amoebozoans6. Rhiarians7. OpisthokontsSee page 171 in your text ( varies a bit from text…..just a bit)A variety of life cycles◦Have evolved among the multicellular algaeThe most complex life cycles include an alternation of generations◦The alternation of multicellular haploid and diploid formsARCHEOPLASTIDSThis phylum species are Photo autotrophic . Can unicellular, multicellular or colonial Volvox is an example of◦Species which cells are in colonies.Often form “blooms” of algae.Produce starch, just like a plant does.VolvoxMost chlorophytes◦Live in fresh water, although many are marineOther chlorophytes◦Live in damp soil, as symbionts in lichens, or in snowFigure 28.29Their red pigments (phycoerythrins) in addition to Chlorophylls, allow them to grow in both shallow and DEEP waters.Wavelengths can penetrate depths exceeding 70 m.CHROMALVEOLATESBrown algae, or phaeophytes◦Are the largest and most complex algae◦Are all multicellular, and most are marineMost stramenopiles◦Have a “hairy” flagellum paired with a “smooth” flagellumSmoothflagellumHairyflagellum5 µmFigure 28.13Brown algae◦Include many of the species commonly called seaweedsSeaweeds◦Have the most complex multicellular anatomy of all algaeFigure 28.18BladeStipeHoldfastThe life cycle of the brown alga LaminariaFigure 28.21Sporophyte(2n)ZoosporesFemaleGametophytes(n)MEIOSISFERTILIZATIONDeveloping sporophyte Zygote(2n)Mature femalegametophyte(n)EggSpermMaleSporangiaKeyHaploid (n)Diploid (2n) The sporophytes of this seaweedare usually found in water just belowthe line of the lowest tides, attachedto rocks by branching holdfasts.1 In early spring, at the end ofthe main growing season, cells onthe surface of the blade developinto sporangia.2 Sporangia producezoospores by meiosis.3 The zoospores are allstructurally alike, butabout half of them developinto male gametophytesand half into femalegametophytes. Thegametophytes looknothing like the sporo-phytes, being short, branched filaments thatgrow on the surface ofsubtidal rocks.4 Male gametophytes release sperm, and female gametophytesproduce eggs, which remainattached to the female gameto-phyte. Eggs secrete a chemicalsignal that attracts sperm of thesame species, thereby increasingthe probability of fertilization inthe ocean.5 Sperm fertilizethe eggs.6 The zygotesgrow into newsporophytes,starting lifeattached tothe remains ofthe femalegametophyte.7Diatoms are unicellular algae ◦With a unique two-part, glass-like wall of hydrated silica Figure 28.153 µmDiatoms are a major component of phytoplankton◦And are highly diverseFigure 28.1650 µmDinoflagellates◦PlanktonApicomplexa◦Animal parasitesCiliatesEach has a characteristic shape◦That in many species is reinforced by internal plates of cellulose impregnated w/ silicon. Two flagella◦Make them spin as they move through the water◦Photosynthetic dinoflagelates are important producers!◦Many are symbionts w/ Coral ( lack flagella & plates) called zooanthalae)May cause Phenomenon called RED TIDE when the undergo population explosion Gymodinunium red tides release a neurotoxin that can cause respiratory paralysis. Eat shellfish that swam in bloom and you could get very sick!Figure 28.103 µmFlagellaPfeisteriaFigure 28.1250 µmThousands of cilia cover the surface of Paramecium.The undigested contents of food vacuoles are released when the vacuoles fuse with a specialized region of the plasma membrane that functions as an anal pore.Paramecium, like other freshwater protists, constantly takes in waterby osmosis from the hypotonic environment. Bladderlike contractile vacuoles accumulate excess water from radial canals and periodically expel it through the plasma membrane.Food vacuoles combine with lysosomes. As the food is digested, the