Name: Student ID: General Biology Laboratory Exercise Laboratory Exercise 10: Bacteria, Protists, & Fungi1. Bacteria & Archaea. Prokaryotes are divided into two separate kingdoms: Bacteria and Archaea. In general, the archaea are generally anaerobic and can live in very extreme environments: e.g., extreme salt (halophiles), extreme temperature (thermophiles), or methane producing (methanogens). The Bacteria consist of both aerobic and anaerobic species and many have a symbiotic relationship with animal and plant hosts. a. General Structure. The members of Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotic: they have no membrane-bound organelles. Prokaryotic DNA is circular and found in a region of the cell called the nucleoid. Ribosomes are present in the prokaryotes although they are structurallydifferent from eukaryotic ribosomes. Some bacteria form endospores that enable them to survive harsh conditions for long periods of time. Endospores are walled structures that form around DNA and a small amount of cytoplasm. Review the general diagram of a bacterium below.1b. Bacteria are found in three general shapes: rods, spheres, and spirals. These shapes are in the diagram below. What are the names for each shape?c. Most bacteria are surrounded by a cell wall. A cell wall of peptidoglycan surrounds most bacteria but archaea do not have peptidoglycan in their cell wall. Penicillin inhibits the reproduction of bacteria by interfering with the formation of the peptidoglycan cell wall. The Gram Stain distinguishes between differences in cell wall architecture. With the Gram Stain, we can see that gram positive cells stain purple due to a thick layer of peptidoglycan and gram negative cells stain pink due to a thin layer of peptidoglycan. The outer membrane found in gram negative bacteria is responsible for the toxic effects seen clinically with gram negative infections (e.g., Salmonella). Which are susceptible to penicillin? 2Name: _____________Name: _____________Name: _____________d. Bacterial Shapes Activity. Examine the diagram on screen and the prepared slides of bacterial smears. Find and draw the following:Gram + or - ?CoccusBacillusSpirillume. Photosynthetic Bacteria. Cyanobacteria, sometimes called blue-green bacteria or mistakenly blue-green algae, are autotrophic photosynthetic bacteria. They are found in aquatic environments. One example of cyanobacteria is Oscillatoria, which form long stranded colonies. OscillatoriaTotal magnification: 2. Protists. All organisms called “protists” are eukaryotes. These organisms were once grouped into a single Kingdom Protista, but are now recognized to belong to many different kingdoms. The various kingdoms contain autotrophs, heterotrophs, unicellular organisms, and multicellular organisms. For all drawings, label visible structures (nucleus, cell membrane, etc.).3. Animal-Like Protists. These protists are eukaryotic heterotrophs. We will consider Giardia, Trypanosoma, ciliates, and Amoeba.a. Giardia. Giardia are intestinal parasites of mammals, often acquired from drinking contaminated water (including clear mountain streams, as it is carried by other species such as beaver). Review the life cycle of Giardia.3b. Examine the slide of Giardia from an infected individual and draw Giardia below: GiardiaTotal magnification: c. Trypanosoma. Trypanosomes use flagella for locomotion (see text for diagram). They alsohave a structure called a kinetoplast, a mass of mitochondrial DNA near the flagellum that extends the length of the organism. Trypanosomes live in fresh and salt water, but many areparasites. Two species are carried by insect vectors and cause two important human diseases: African sleeping sickness and Chagas disease. Observe many parasitic trypanosomes in blood samples from patients and draw Trypanosoma below:TrypanosomaTotal magnification: d. Plasmodium. Plasmodium are apicomplexans, a group of parasitic protists. Several species of Plasmodium cause malaria in tropical areas of the world. They live part of their life cycle in the insect vector (certain species of mosquito) and part of their life cycle in humans (or other primate hosts). In humans, the parasites invade liver and blood cells at different stages of the life cycle. Examine the Plasmodium life cycle in your text. Observe the prepared slide of red blood cells infected with Plasomodium. Look for evidence of a ring structure inside of the cells as evidence of the infection. Draw the infected red blood cells below:PlasmodiumTotal magnification: 4e. Ciliates. All ciliates use cilia, often for movement and/or to aid in feeding. We will examine Paramecium as an example of a ciliate. Paramecium use cilia to move and feed. Food is swept down the oral groove into the oral cavity by water currents. A paramecium has a macronucleus and a micronucleus (see text). Contractile vacuoles are used to expel excess water. Paramecium undergo a form of conjugation to sexually reproduce (see text). You will examine both prepared slides and live paramecium (slowed with “Detain” orProtoSlo). Use the space below for your drawings:Preserved Paramecium Live ParameciumTotal magnification: Total magnification: f. Amoeba. Amoebas are unicellular and move by means of cytoplasmic streaming to create pseudopods. Amoebas are found in soils and fresh water where they feed on bacteria, fungi, and decaying organisms. They obtain their nutrients via phagocytosis – pseudopods surround the food particle to form a food vacuole that will release enzymes for digestion. Amoebas have contractile vacuoles which expel excess fluid from the cell. Examine both live amoebas and prepared slides. Use the space below for your drawings:Preserved AmoebaLiveAmoebaTotal magnification: Total magnification: 4. Plant-like Protists. Some photoautotrophic bacteria are of great ecological and economic importance. They are a major food source for numerous other species. These photosynthetic 5organisms have pigments such as chlorophyll a and other accessory pigments. We will examine Euglena, dinoflagellates, diatoms, brown algae, red algae, and green algae.a. Euglena. Although the 150 species of Euglena are more closely related to the kinetoplastids (i.e., Trypanosoma), many species contain chlorophyll in their