Name:_____________________________________________Laboratory Exercise 1Scientific Inquiry in BiologyAn appreciation of biology requires an understanding for how information is gathered and processed. Conclusion in science are based entirely on quantitative data and observed facts. The scientific method usually begins with an observation. Then a hypothesis is formed by the researchers. A hypothesis is a testable prediction to explain what was observed. In the course of the scientific method the hypothesis can either be accepted or rejected. Following the formulation of the hypothesis an experiment is performed. Experimentation in science is performed under precise guidelines. All of the following criteria must be met: Control Group – This group set a baseline, that is to say this group is not treated with the substance being tested Experimental Group – This group is treated with the substance being tested Control Variables – These are a set of parameters which are kept the same for both the experimental group and the control group Independent Variables – is the treatment, substance, or condition under study Dependent Variables – is the event or condition that is measured or observed when the results are gatheredLet’s consider an example: Observation: Olestra® potato chips contain a synthetic fat, not digestible by humans. Synthetic fats sometimes cause intestinal distress in humans. In certain cases, intestinal distress results in cramps in humans. Hypothesis: Olestra® is the cause of intestinal crampsThis is an easily tested hypothesis because if Olestra® is the cause of the cramps then more people who eat them will get cramps when compared with people who eat regular chips.Experimentation: In the lines below write a brief description of how you would perform this experiment:________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What is the independent variable:_____________________________________________What is the dependent variable:______________________________________________What are some possible control variables:______________________________________Data Analysis: Here are some actual results from a similar experiment to the one you designed, which compared the percent of people who suffer cramps after eating Olestra® chips with the percent of people who suffer cramps after eating regular potato chips.  Control Group: 93 of 529 people (17.6%) suffer cramps Experimental Group: 89 of 563 (15.8%) suffer crampsBased on this data would you accept or reject your hypothesis and why:__________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What is your conclusion: ___________________________________________________Sampling Error: If researchers had only used a few people in their experiment, they may have the problem of sampling error. For example, if they had only surveyed 10 people, 5 in each group, the likelihood of incorrect results is much higher than with a larger number of people (they used over 1000 people in their experiment) Sampling Error Class Activity: From a covered and concealed white jar, have one student volunteer draw out of bead without looking in the jar. What is your conclusion about the contents of this jar based on the one extracted bead? ______________________________________________________________________Now draw out a second bead. What is your conclusion at this juncture? ______________________________________________________________________Now draw out 8 more beads. What is your conclusion at this juncture?______________________________________________________________________Now draw out 20 more beads. What is your conclusion at this juncture?________________________________________________________________________Your instructor will give you the exact percentages of the beads in the jar. In general does a small sample size or a large sample size give more accurate data? _____________A Field Experiment: Review the field experiment given in section 1.6 of your textbook.Identify the different steps of biological inquire used by the researchers. Observations:Hypothesis:Prediction:Experiment:Control variables:___________________________________________________Control Group:_____________________________________________________Experimental Group:_________________________________________________Independent variables:_______________________________________________Dependent variables:________________________________________________Data analysis:ConclusionNow a really fun experiment: How dirty is your cell phone???The class is going to perform a set of experiments designed to test the effectiveness of different disinfectants. You will be given an agar plate. Draw with the wax pencils a linedown the middle of the plate. On one side of the plate you will swab your cell phone before the application of disinfectants and on the other side of the plate you will swab your cell phone after the application of disinfectants. What is the hypothesis of this experiment:____________________________________________________________________________________________________________What are the independent variables:___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What is the dependent variable:______________________________________________List some of the control variables:____________________________________________No disinfectantDisinfectantData Analysis: (To be finished next week the bacteria need a week to grow so we can see them with the naked eye) Count the number of colonies on the both sides of the plate and fill in the following table:Type of Disinfectant Colony Count Control Colony Count DisinfectantNow let’s pool the class data and fill in the following table: Type of Disinfectant Colony Count Control Colony Count DisinfectantWindexEthanolBleach wipesLysolYou will need to make a computer generated graph to illustrate the data obtained above. This will be due next week in lab. What are your conclusions? Does this data support the