Biodiversity: AnimalsANIMAL FEATURESSlide 3COMMON ANCESTORANIMAL ORIGINSCAMBRIAN EXPLOSIONSlide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10RADIATA / BILATERIASlide 12Slide 13Body SidesSlide 15Slide 16Slide 17Slide 18PROTOSTOME / DEUTEROSTOMESlide 20DIVERSITYAN INTRODUCTION TOSlide 23PARAZOASlide 25RADIATASlide 27Slide 28Slide 29Obelia LIFE CYCLESlide 31Slide 32Slide 33Slide 34BILATERIACOELOMATESBody PlansPSEUDOCOELOMATESACOELOMATESPROTOSTOMIALOPHOTROCHOZOASlide 42Slide 43Slide 44Slide 45Slide 46Slide 47TURBELLARIANSSlide 49Slide 50Slide 51TREMATODESTREMATODE LIFE CYCLESlide 54Slide 55Slide 56Slide 57Slide 58TAPEWORM LIFE CYCLESlide 60Slide 61Slide 62Slide 63Slide 64Slide 65Slide 66Slide 67Slide 68Slide 69Slide 70Slide 71MATING EARTHWORMSSlide 73Slide 74Slide 75Phylum EchinodermataPhylum Chordata Includes all vertebrates -Notocord (backbone)ANIMAL PHYLOGENYSlide 79BiodiversitBiodiversity: Animalsy: AnimalsANIMAL FEATURESANIMAL FEATURESMulticellular, Multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotesheterotrophic eukaryotesIngestIngest or or parasitizeparasitize other organisms other organismsAllAll animals and animals and onlyonly animals possess animals possess HoxHox genes genesHomeobox-containing homeotic genesHomeobox-containing homeotic genesRegulate the development of body formRegulate the development of body formEmbryonic development usually includes Embryonic development usually includes a a Blastula stageBlastula stageANIMAL FEATURESANIMAL FEATURESMost reproduce sexuallyMost reproduce sexuallyDiploid stage usually dominates life cycleDiploid stage usually dominates life cycleMost possess tissues, organs, and organ systemsMost possess tissues, organs, and organ systemsLack cell wallsLack cell wallsCells held together by various intercellular junctions Cells held together by various intercellular junctions and other structural proteinsand other structural proteinsCOMMON ANCESTORCOMMON ANCESTORAnimal kingdom is Animal kingdom is monophyleticmonophyleticColonial flagellated Colonial flagellated protist most likely protist most likely common ancestorcommon ancestor•700 million years ago 700 million years ago (Precambrian era)(Precambrian era)•Probably related to Probably related to choanoflagellateschoanoflagellates–Choanoflagellates arose Choanoflagellates arose over 1 billion years agoover 1 billion years agoANIMAL ORIGINSANIMAL ORIGINSAnimals arose over 570 million years agoAnimals arose over 570 million years agoMost animal phyla originated in a relatively brief span Most animal phyla originated in a relatively brief span of geologic timeof geologic time565 – 525 million years ago565 – 525 million years ago““Cambrian explosion”Cambrian explosion”CAMBRIAN EXPLOSIONCAMBRIAN EXPLOSIONCAMBRIAN EXPLOSIONCAMBRIAN EXPLOSIONWhat caused the Cambrian explosion?What caused the Cambrian explosion?Ecological causes?Ecological causes?•The emergence of predator-prey relationships promoted The emergence of predator-prey relationships promoted intense coevolutionary changeintense coevolutionary changeGeologic causes?Geologic causes?•Atmospheric OAtmospheric O22 finally reached sufficient concentrations finally reached sufficient concentrations to support the active metabolism required by mobile to support the active metabolism required by mobile animalsanimalsGenetic causes?Genetic causes?•Evolution of Evolution of HoxHox regulatory genes led to variations in regulatory genes led to variations in morphology during developmentmorphology during developmentParazoa Vs. Eumetazoa?Parazoa Vs. Eumetazoa? Parazoa : No TissuesParazoa : No Tissues Eumetazoa; TissuesEumetazoa; TissuesRADIATA / BILATERIARADIATA / BILATERIAEumetazoans are divided into two major branchesEumetazoans are divided into two major branchesRadiataRadiataBilateriaBilateriaRADIATA / BILATERIARADIATA / BILATERIARadiataRadiataTwo phyla display radial symmetryTwo phyla display radial symmetryPhylum CnidariaPhylum Cnidariae.g., Hydras, jellies, sea anemones, etc.e.g., Hydras, jellies, sea anemones, etc.Phylum CtenophoraPhylum CtenophoraComb jelliesComb jelliesRADIATA / BILATERIARADIATA / BILATERIABilateriaBilateriaMost phyla display bilateral Most phyla display bilateral symmetrysymmetryDorsal & ventral, anterior & Dorsal & ventral, anterior & posterior, left & rightposterior, left & rightCephalizationCephalizationEvolutionary trend toward concentration of sensory Evolutionary trend toward concentration of sensory equipment on anterior endequipment on anterior endThree germ layersThree germ layersEctoderm, mesoderm, Ectoderm, mesoderm, endodermendodermRadiata lack mesodermRadiata lack mesodermBody SidesBody Sidesanterior - toward the headposterior - toward the taildorsal - back sideventral - belly sideCephalizationCephalization An anterior concentration of sense organs (to have a head)*The more complex the animals becomes the more pronounced their cephalization.Octopus – member of the class Cephalopoda (head-foot)• The Blastula then goes through process of gastrulation • creating the blastopore • first opening in the blastula •re-arrangement of the cells into three germ layers• becoming specific structures in the animal. Protostomes: "first mouth"  blastopore develops into a mouth.  Deuterostomes: "second mouth" blastopore develops into an anus mouth forms secondhence the naming of "second mouth".Vertebrates are deuterostomes. Protostome and DeuterostomeEndodermEndoderm: : •Innermost layer: becomes the Innermost layer: becomes the lining inside the body cavity– the digestive and respiratory tractthe digestive and respiratory tractMesodermMesoderm: : •Middle layer: becomes Middle layer: becomes the organs inside the body– muscle, circulatory, reproductive, and excretory systemsmuscle, circulatory, reproductive, and excretory systemsEctodermEctoderm: : •Outermost layer: becomes the body covering.Outermost layer: becomes the body covering.–outer layer of skin, sense organs, and nervesouter layer of skin, sense organs, and nervesGerm LayersPROTOSTOME / DEUTEROSTOMEPROTOSTOME / DEUTEROSTOMEProtostomesProtostomesMany undergo spiral cleavageMany undergo spiral cleavagePlanes of cell division are diagonal to the Planes of cell division are diagonal to the vertical axis of the embryovertical axis of the embryoe.g., Mollusks, annelids, arthropods, etc.e.g., Mollusks, annelids, arthropods, etc.Determinate cleavageDeterminate cleavageDevelopmental fate of Developmental fate