Biology Lab Study Guide for Exam #4Lab Exercise #13: PlantsBiology Lab Study Guide for Exam #4Lab Exercise #13: PlantsWhat are some characteristics of members of Kingdom plantae? Are they prokaryotic or eukaryotic? Are they autotrophic or heterotrophic? Muti-celled or uni-cellluar?What evidence exists for the fact that land plants evolved from green algae?What is the alternation of generations? What is a gametophyte? What is a sporophyte?What does it mean to be diploid or haploid?What is mitosis? What is meiosis?What is heteromorphic? Briefly describe the evolution of land plants. Which is the gametophyte or sporophyte the dominant stage in moss?Why are mosses and liverworts called avascular seedless plants?Why must mosses and liverworts be in close proximity/association with water?Become familiar with the life cycle of the moss. Be able to recognize different stages by slide observation Be able to identify Equisetum, Psilotum, Lycopodium.What are rhizoids?What are the moss male gametophytes called? The gametes they produce are called?What are the moss female gametophytes called? The gametes they produce are called?Be able to tell the difference between male and female gametophytes.What is a zygote? What is an embryo?What is a sporangium? What does it produce?What is moss protonemata? Is it part of the sporophyte or gametophyte generation?What does hygroscopic mean?Why are ferns called seedless vascular plants?What are the 2 types of vascular tissue found in ferns and other higher plants and what is their function?Is the sporophyte or gametophyte generation dominant in ferns?What is the rhizome (rhizoids)? What does it develop into?What are fronds? What is a root system? What is a shoot system?What are sori? Where are they found? What is sporangia? What do they make? What is the annulus? What does hygroscopic mean?What are the male and female gametophytes called and what do they make?What is a zygote? What is an embryo? Is it diploid or haploid?Be familiar with the life cycle of the fern. Be able to recognize the different stages from slide observation. List at least 5 differences between mosses and fernsList of terms that you should be able to define and/or identify by structure and function Gymnosperm sporophyte gamteophyte angiospermsMicrospore megaspore zygote embryoSeed (and its parts) fertilization pollination double fertilizationPollen grains fruitParts of flower-reproductive structurestamen anther filament petal corolla sepalcalyx carpel pistil stigma style ovaryovule receptacleMonocots and dicots and the differences between themRoot system and stem (shoot) system functions and differencesherbaceous plant-only primary growthEpidermis cortex vascular bundles xylemPhloem vascular cambium pithWoody plants-secondary growthBark cork cork cambium periderm cortexVascular cambium secondary xylem(wood) annual rings pithSecondary phloemLeaf structure-where photosynthesis occursUpper epidermis palisade mesophyll spongy mesophylllower epidermis stomata (pores) guard cellsKingdom Animalia-eukaryotic, multicelled, heterotrophic, oxygen consuming, motile, sexual (some asexual) reproductionWhat is radial symmetry? What is bilateral symmetry? What is cephalization? What is a coelom? What is a pseudocoelom? What does it mean to be acoelomate? Fig 26.2What does monoecious mean? What does dioecious mean?What is an invertebrate? What is a vertebrate?What does it mean to be sessile? What does it mean to be motile?What are the 4 special features common to all chordates?What are special features of mammals, reptiles, birds, amphibians?You must know the following phylums in Kingdom Animalia; for each phylum, you will need to give the specific names (genus species) of members that belong to it, what type of symmetry they posses, what type of body cavity organization, whether or not they have cephalization, any organ systems, where they live, and any other special features. Fill in the following tables below giving examples of members of each phylum, what type of symmetry, body cavity, cephalization: Phylum Porifera-SymmetryBody cavityCephalizationSpecial features: spicules of calcium carbonate, spongin Phylum Cnidaria-SymmetryBody cavityCephalizationSpecial features: 2 forms-medusa, polyp, nematocysts, asexual reproduction by buddingPhylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms)- SymmetryBody cavityCephalizationSpecial features: many parasitic, protonephridia and flame cells, scolex, proglotiddsPhylum Nematoda (roundworms)-SymmetryBody cavityCephalizationSpecial features: many parasitic, hook worms, pin worms Phylum Mollusca -SymmetryBody cavityCephalizationSpecial features: glochidia, clam dissection: mantle, foot, valve, abductor/retractor muscle, heart, labial palps, gills, gonad, stomach, digestive gland (liver), intestine, esophagus (and their function)Phylum Annelida (segmented worms)-SymmetryBody cavityCephalizationSpecial features: segmentation, first closed circulatory system, earthworm dissection: brain, mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard, intestine, nephridia, seminal vesicles/receptacles (and their function)Phylum Arthropoda-SymmetryBody cavityCephalizationSpecial features: exoskeleton of chitin, 3 body regions-head, thorax, abdomen, Phylum Echinodermata-SymmetryBody cavityCephalizationSpecial features: water vascular system Phylum Chordata SymmetryBody cavityCephalizationSpecial features: notochord, pharyngeal gill slits, dorsal hollow nerve chord, postanal tail, vertebrates have vertebral column frog dissection: heart, lungs, liver, gall bladder, spleen, kidneys, testes, ovaries, oviducts, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, fat body, pancreas, urinary bladder (and their function)Evolution of 2 to 3 to 4 chambered hearts and which organisms contain each type. Development of larger brain as organisms became more