Slide 1A, B, C’sPrejudice, Discrimination, & StereotypesGroup DifferencesStereotype ThreatStereotype Threat Study Steele & Aronson (1995)Slide 7Lecture Outline: StereotypesStereotypesSlide 10Stereotype FormationLabeled Lines Study Tajfel & Wilkes (1963)Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15Outgroup Homogeneity EffectStereotype MaintenanceStereotypingFunction of StereotypesTime Pressure Study Kruglanski & Freund (1983)Slide 21Self-Fulfilling PropheciesTwo Types of SFPsSlide 24Dumb Rat - Smart Rat StudySelf-Fulfilling Prophecies and StereotypesInterview StudyInterview StudySlide 29Slide 30PrejudiceCauses of PrejudiceRealistic Group Conflict TheorySummer Camp StudiesRobber’s Cave StudySlide 36Slide 37Slide 38Slide 39Slide 40Minimal Group ParadigmSlide 42Slide 431 STEREOTYPES & PREJUDICE2 A, B, C’sA = Affect (prejudice) B = Behavior (discrimination)C = Cognitions (stereotypes)3 Prejudice, Discrimination, & StereotypesPrejudice: Positive or negative feeling about a person based on attitude about the person’s social group membershipDiscrimination: Unfair treatment of a person or group in comparison to others who are not members of the same social groupStereotypes: Attributes believed to describe a social groupcp4 Group DifferencesGroups differences exist:•College drop out rates•College GPA•SAT scores•GRE scores•ACT scores5 Stereotype ThreatFear that one will be viewed or treated in way consistent with a negative stereotype, or fear that one will confirm the stereotypecp6 Stereotype Threat StudySteele & Aronson (1995)AA = W AA < WcpInvalid Test Valid Test7 Stereotype Threat StudySteele & Aronson (1995)cp8 Lecture Outline:StereotypesStereotypesStereotype formationStereotype maintenance9 Attributes believed to describe a group.Stereotypes10 StereotypesPersonal stereotype: attributes an individual believes describes a groupConsensual stereotype: attributes many people believe describe a group11 Stereotype FormationCategorization: Classifying stimuli into different groups12 Labeled Lines StudyTajfel & Wilkes (1963)ABCP13 The labels caused participants to:1. perceive the lines in group A as highly similar to to one another2. perceive lines in group B to be highly similar to one another3. perceive large differences between the line groupsLabeled Lines StudyTajfel & Wilkes (1963)CP14 Overestimate similarity within groups(within category homogeneity)Exaggerate differences between groups (accentuation of inter-category difference)Labeled Lines StudyTajfel & Wilkes (1963)CP15 Stereotype FormationPeople naturally categorize others into groupsPeople perceive members of a group as more similar to one another than they really are and as more different from other groups than they really areThe ways that group members are perceived to be similar to one another and different from other groups becomes the content of the stereotype associated with their social groupCP16 Outgroup Homogeneity EffectPeople perceive out-group members as more similar than in-group membersAmount of contactIntimacy of contact17 Stereotype MaintenanceSubtyping:Disconfirming targets tagged as “exceptions to the rule”18 StereotypingApplying one’s stereotype to an individualAfrican AmericanWhiteAmbiguous Behavior(e.g., poking)More mean& threateningcp19 Function of StereotypesCognitive Miser Perspective:Stereotyping easier than judging targets according to personal attributes20 Time Pressure StudyKruglanski & Freund (1983)EssayAshkenaziJewSephardicJewManipulationTime PressureNo Time Pressurecp21 cp60.0065.0070.0075.0080.0085.00Time Pressure No Time PressureAshkenazi Jew SephardicBDCDTime Pressure StudyKruglanski & Freund (1983)22 Self-Fulfilling PropheciesA false belief that leads to its own fulfillment:1. Perceiver develops false belief about a target2. Perceiver treats target in a manner consistent with false belief3. Target responds to the treatment in such a way as to confirm the originally false beliefcp23 Two Types of SFPsPositive SFPs: 1. Perceiver overestimates target’s ability2. Perceiver treats target consistent with that overly positive belief3. Target responds by confirming the overly positive beliefcp24 Two Types of SFPsNegative SFPs: 1. Perceiver underestimates target’s ability2. Perceiver treats target consistent with that overly negative belief3. Target responds by confirming the overly negative beliefcp25 Dumb Rat - Smart Rat StudyPositive Belief Negative BeliefSmartRatDumbRatLearned the maze bettercp26 Self-Fulfilling Prophecies and StereotypesSelf-fulfilling propheciescan contribute to social problems27 Interview StudyStudy 1Do W treat AA and W different?Participants interviewed confederate for a jobConfederate: African American or Whitecp28 Interview StudyResults: Study 1 Interview length: AA < WDistance: AA > WEye contact: AA < WSpeech dysfluencies: AA > Wcp29 Interview StudyStudy 2Does differential treatment influence behavior? Confederates interviewed participant for jobTreated participant like AA or W were treated in Study 1cp30 Interview StudyResults: Study 2Treated likeAfricanAmericansTreated like WhitesBetter PerformanceWorse Performancecp31 PrejudicePositive or negative feeling about person based on attitude about person’s group32 Causes of Prejudice1. Competition between groups2. Simple distinction between groups33 Realistic Group Conflict TheoryPrejudice stems from competition between groupscp34 Summer Camp StudiesCompetitionPrejudicePurpose:35 Robber’s Cave StudyPhase 1: In-group IdentityBuild cohesion among in-group36 Robber’s Cave StudyPhase 2: Intergroup ConflictCreate competitive environment37 Robber’s Cave StudyEach boy rated own group and other groupbravetoughfriendlysneakysmart aleckstinker38 Robber’s Cave Study–Collected as many beans as possible–Estimate # beans in a sackBean Toss:Overestimated beans collected by in-group Underestimated beans collected by out-groupcp39 Robber’s Cave StudyPhase 3: Restoring HarmonyCreate harmonious environmentwith superordinate goals(goals that can only be achieved if both groups work together cooperatively)40 Robber’s Cave StudyCompetition led to prejudice. When competition removed, prejudice stopped41 Minimal Group ParadigmSimple distinction between groups causes biascp42 Minimal Group Paradigm1. Alone & anonymous2. Estimated dots3. Labeled: Over- or Underestimators4. Completed pay