Conflict & PeacemakingOverviewSome StatisticsConflictPrisoner’s DilemmaSlide 6Slide 7Threat to Each CountryStrategiesSocial Dilemma“Tragedy of the Commons”Alaska King CrabSocial TrapsConflict & Use of ThreatsTrucking GameResults of Trucking StudyConflict SummaryPeacemakingSlide 19Slide 20Slide 21Summary1Conflict & PeacemakingPsych280April 4th, 20052Overview1. Conflict: What is it and why does it happen?2. Social dilemmas & Competition3. Strategies used for peacekeeping3Some Statistics14,500 wars in the last 5,600 years of human historyIn 1994 alone, 31 waged in 27 locationsBetween 1945 and 1989 there have been 21.8 million war-deathsDoucet, 19964ConflictPerception that one’s actions or goals are incompatible with the actions and goals of others.Interpersonal IntergroupInternational5Prisoner’s Dilemma2 suspects separately questionedDA has limited evidenceDA gives incentive for prisoner’s to confessOutcomes dependent on each prisoner’s choiceRapoport, 19606Prisoner’s DilemmaRapoport, 1960Prisoner A No Confession Confession No Confession A gets 1 year B gets 1 year A gets 0 years B gets 10 years Prisoner B Confession A gets 10 years B gets 0 years A gets 5 years B gets 5 years7Prisoner’s DilemmaConfess = 5 years or no prison timeDon’t Confess = 1 year or 10 yearsIndividual vs Group Outcome8Threat to Each CountryCountry ADoes Not DevelopWeaponsDevelops WeaponsDoes NotDevelopWeaponsNoneNoneNoneHighCountry BDevelopsWeaponsHighNoneModerateModerate9StrategiesCooperate, Individual,Tit-for-tatCountry ADoes Not DevelopWeaponsDevelops WeaponsDoes NotDevelopWeaponsNoneNoneNoneHighCountry BDevelopsWeaponsHighNoneModerateModerate10Social DilemmaA conflict in which the most beneficial action for an individual will, if chosen by most people, have harmful effects on everyone.Individual Self-Interest vs Common Good11“Tragedy of the Commons”Overgrazing of shared pasture lands.Shared resources are wasted as a result of individual self-interest.Hardin, 196812Alaska King Crab1980 1981 1982 1983 1984HarvestHarvestHarvestHarvestHarvestRemainRemainRemainRemainIf fisherman harvest over 25%, population will start to plummet & finally begin to disappear.13Social TrapsSituations where people are drawn toward immediate rewards that later have negative consequencesHidden costsDifference between short & long-term consequencesIgnorance of long-term consequencesSliding reinforcers14Conflict & Use of ThreatsCommunication does not always help solve dilemmasDeutsch and Krauss (1962) trucking game15Trucking GameDeutsch & Krauss, 196216Results of Trucking Study-10-8-6-4-2024None Voluntary RequiredNo threatUnilateralBilateralDeutsch & Krauss, 1962Total Amount Earned by Both PartiesLevel of Communication17Conflict SummarySocial DilemmasPrisoner’s Dilemma, Tragedy of the CommonsCompetitionPeople competing for same resources believe their individual self-interests are not compatible.CommunicationDoesn’t always decrease conflict but can helped if used wisely18PeacemakingNegotiationBoth sides make offers and counter-offers as a means of coming to an agreement.Employees vs EmployersWin-Win vs Win-Lose10% salary increase 2% salary increase 8% salary increase 5% salary increase 6% salary increase 6% salary increase19PeacemakingIntegrative SolutionMost/Least important issues for each sideEmployee vs EmployerSalary Increase Reduction in Vacation TimeHow good are people at this? Not VeryTrustMediators20PeacemakingCommon External ThreatsNaval ROTC Study“I couldn’t help but to say to Mr. Gorbachev, just think how easy his task and mine might be…if suddenly there was a threat from another planet.” Ronald Regan, 1983Lanzetta, 195521PeacemakingGraduated & Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension Reduction (GRIT) - designed to de-escalate international tensions.Announcing a conciliatory intentConciliatory actsMaintaining retaliatory capabilityReciprocates any conciliatory act22SummaryPeacemakingNegotiationIntegrative SolutionCommon External
View Full Document
Unlocking...