Psych 280 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 7Lecture 1 (January 15)Introduction to Social PsychologyWhat are the goals of social psychology and what is social psychology?Goal of social psychology:-Understand the impact that a situation has on an individual’s behavior.- Social Psychology is the study of social thought and social behavior. This area of psychology also focuses on how social situations influence the behavior, thoughts, and actions of people.Lecture 2 (January 17)Social Psychology: primary and secondary theses and introduction to Hindsight BiasWhat are the primary theses of social psychology and what is hindsight bias?Primary Thesis of Social Psychology: Human social thought and social behavior are governed heavily by the situation that the thought or social behavior occurs in.Secondary Theses of Social Psychology:-People underestimate the influential power a situation has on the behavior of an individual.-Social thought and behavior are often “illogical” or “irrational” and do not fit the “logical” theories.-People’s perceptions of things are more important than the objective features of that object.-Social thought and behavior are a function of both that person and the situation.Hindsight Bias:Hindsight bias, or the “I knew it all along” effect, is the tendency for people to think that they could’ve guessed the outcome of a situation—after knowing the outcome. This is not an “impression management” concept. It is an illusion that all people fall prey to.Lecture 3 (January 20)Experimental Method and DefinitionsWhat is the experimental method? What are the important terms that go along with each of this methods?Experimental MethodIn the experimental method, researchers use control measures to randomly select and randomly assign participants to different levels of the independent variable (manipulatedvariable said to have an effect on the dependent variable) to see if there is a relationship between the independent variable and dependent variable (variable that is thought to be dependent on the manipulation of the independent variable).Other important experimental method definitions include:-Subject variable: not a true independent variable, since researches cannot assign participant to different levels of the variable.-Confounded: unintentionally letting a variable other than the independent variable effect the dependent variable.-Operational definition: defining a word in a way that allows researchers to measure the word.-Conceptual definition: the dictionary definition of a word (compare with operational definition).-Question effects: the way that a researcher asks a question effects the way a person answers the questions.-Statistical Abuse: you always have to have another statistic to compare the statistic you’re looking at too.-Probability-Level (p-value): extent to which difference in control versus experimental group is due to change alone. (You want this value to be small!)Lecture 4 (January 22)Correlation coefficients and factorial designs.What is a correlation coefficient? What is a factorial design and statistical interaction?Correlation Coefficient:The correlation coefficient, or r, is a value that describes the extent to which the x variable (independent variable) and y variable (dependent variable) are linearly related. The correlation coefficient is basically a measure of how well we can predict y, given x. The closer r is to either + or -1, the stronger the correlation is. NOTE: correlation does NOT mean causation! X could causeY, Y could cause X, or there could be a third, unknown variable Z, that causes X and Y.Factorial Design and Statistical Interaction:A factorial design is an experiment where two or more levels of a variable can be applied and crossed with another two or more levels of another variable. This allows researchers to look at statistical interaction, which is defined as the effect of one variable changes as a function of the level of the other variable.Lecture 5 (January 27)Reliability and Validity and the Judgment HeuristicWhat is the relationship between reliability and validity? What is the judgment heuristic and why do people use it?Reliability and Validity:Reliability is the extent to which the test is consistent (i.e. if the test is done multiple times, doesit yield the same results?). Validity is the extent to which the test measures what it is supposed to measure (i.e. does the “IQ” test actually measure IQ?). In order to have validity, you much have reliability. However, validity is not necessary to have reliability.Judgment Heuristic:A judgment heuristic is a quick, automatic judgment process that people use to make snap judgments (i.e. probability that something will happen) and decisions. People use judgment heuristics because they are quick, especially when time is limited, and are useful when information is missing from a situation. They are also useful because they do not require lots of mental resources, and people are mentally lazy.One specific type of heuristic is the availability heuristic, where people judge the frequency of an even according to the ease with which relevant instances come to mind. This is helpful, but itcan also backfire, since people tend to under/overestimate the actual probability of events.Lecture 6 (January 29)The Simulation Heuristic and the Attribution Theory (Kelley’s model)?What is the simulation heuristic? What is Kelley’s Model?The Simulation Heuristic:The simulation heuristic is a process for explaining past events or predicting future events basedon the ease with which people can mentally simulate the outcome. Counterfactual thinking, or the process where people mentally try to undo an outcome and then ruminate on the possible outcome, is one of the main parts of the simulation heuristic. The norm-exception rule, or process where people focus on the exception of the situation, instead of looking at the norm, and the action-inaction rule, the process where people tend to regret their actions more than there inactions, are also important parts of the simulation heuristic.Kelley’s Attribution Model:Kelley’s model states that people gather three types of information in a logical and rational way in order to make attributions about behavior. The three types of information are as follows:-Distinctiveness Information: the extent to which the actor’s behavior is unique to the situation (or does the actor behave the same way