1Conflict & PeacemakingPsych280April 4th, 20052Overview1. Conflict: What is it and why does it happen?2. Social dilemmas & Competition3. Strategies used for peacekeeping3Some Statisticsz 14,500 wars in the last 5,600 years of human historyz In 1994 alone, 31 waged in 27 locationsz Between 1945 and 1989 there have been 21.8 million war-deathsDoucet, 19964Conflictz Perception that one’s actions or goals are incompatible with the actions and goals of others.z Interpersonal z Intergroupz International5Prisoner’s Dilemmaz 2 suspects separately questionedz DA has limited evidencez DA gives incentive for prisoner’s to confessz Outcomes dependent on each prisoner’s choiceRapoport, 19606Prisoner’s DilemmaRapoport, 1960Prisoner A No Confession Confession No Confession A gets 1 year B gets 1 year A gets 0 years B gets 10 years Prisoner B Confession A gets 10 years B gets 0 years A gets 5 years B gets 5 years7Prisoner’s Dilemmaz Confess = 5 years or no prison timez Don’t Confess = 1 year or 10 yearsz Individual vs Group Outcome8Threat to Each CountryCountry ADoes Not DevelopWeaponsDevelops WeaponsDoes NotDevelopWeaponsNoneNoneNoneHighCountry BDevelopsWeaponsHighNoneModerateModerate9Strategiesz Cooperate, Individual,Tit-for-tatCountry ADoes Not DevelopWeaponsDevelops WeaponsDoes NotDevelopWeaponsNoneNoneNoneHighCountry BDevelopsWeaponsHighNoneModerateModerate10Social Dilemmaz A conflict in which the most beneficial action for an individual will, if chosen by most people, have harmful effects on everyone.z Individual Self-Interest vsCommon Good11“Tragedy of the Commons”z Overgrazing of shared pasture lands.z Shared resources are wasted as a result of individual self-interest.Hardin, 196812Alaska King Crab1980 1981 1982 1983 1984HarvestHarvestHarvestHarvestHarvestRemainRemainRemainRemainIf fisherman harvest over 25%, population will start to plummet & finally begin to disappear.13Social Trapsz Situations where people are drawn toward immediate rewards that later have negative consequencesz Hidden costsz Difference between short & long-term consequencesz Ignorance of long-term consequencesz Sliding reinforcers14Conflict & Use of Threatsz Communication does not always help solve dilemmasz Deutsch and Krauss (1962) trucking game15Trucking GameDeutsch & Krauss, 196216Results of Trucking Study-10-8-6-4-2024None Voluntary RequiredNo threatUnilateralBilateralDeutsch & Krauss, 1962Total Amount Earned by Both PartiesLevel of Communication17Conflict Summaryz Social Dilemmasz Prisoner’s Dilemma, Tragedy of the Commonsz Competitionz People competing for same resources believe their individual self-interests are not compatible.z Communicationz Doesn’t always decrease conflict but can helped if used wisely18Peacemakingz Negotiationz Both sides make offers and counter-offers as a means of coming to an agreement.z Employees vs Employersz Win-Win vs Win-Lose10% salary increase 2% salary increase8% salary increase 5% salary increase6% salary increase 6% salary increase19Peacemakingz Integrative Solutionz Most/Least important issues for each sidez Employee vs EmployerSalary Increase Reduction in Vacation Timez How good are people at this? z Not Veryz Trustz Mediators20Peacemakingz Common External Threatsz Naval ROTC Studyz “I couldn’t help but to say to Mr. Gorbachev, just think how easy his task and mine might be…if suddenly there was a threat from another planet.” Ronald Regan, 1983Lanzetta, 195521Peacemakingz Graduated & Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension Reduction (GRIT) - designed to de-escalate international tensions.z Announcing a conciliatory intentz Conciliatory actsz Maintaining retaliatory capabilityz Reciprocates any conciliatory act22Summaryz Peacemakingz Negotiationz Integrative Solutionz Common External Threatz
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