STEREOTYPES & PREJUDICEA, B, C’sA = Affect (prejudice)B = Behavior (discrimination)C = Cognitions (stereotypes)Prejudice, Discrimination, & StereotypesPrejudice: Positive or negative feeling about a person based on attitude about the person’s social group membershipDiscrimination:Unfair treatment of a person or group in comparison to others who are not members of the same social groupStereotypes:Attributes cpGroup DifferencesGroups differences exist:•College drop out rates•College GPA•SAT scores•GRE scores•ACT scoresStereotype ThreatFear that one will be viewed or treated in way consistent with a negative stereotype, or fear that one will confirm the stereotypecpStereotype Threat StudySteele & Aronson (1995)AA = W AA < WcpInvalid Test Valid Test02468101214Invalid Test Valid TestTest ScoresAfrican Americans WhitesStereotype Threat StudySteele & Aronson (1995)cpAttributes believed to describe a group.StereotypesStereotypesPersonal stereotype: attributes an individual believes describes a groupConsensual stereotype: attributes many people believe describe a groupStereotype FormationCategorization: Classifying stimuli into different groupsLabeled Lines StudyTajfel & Wilkes (1963)ABCPThe labels caused participants to:1. perceive the lines in group A as highly similar to to one another2. perceive lines in group B to be highly similar to one another3. perceive large differences between the line groupsLabeled Lines StudyTajfel & Wilkes (1963)CPOverestimate similarity within groups¾(within category homogeneity)Exaggerate differences between groups ¾(accentuation of inter-category difference)Labeled Lines StudyTajfel & Wilkes (1963)CPStereotype FormationPeople naturally categorize others into groupsPeople perceive members of a group as more similar to one another than they really are and as more different from other groups than they really areThe ways that group members are perceived to be similar to one another and different from other groups becomes the content of the stereotype associated with their social groupCPOutgroup Homogeneity EffectPeople perceive out-group members as more similar than in-group members¾Amount of contact¾Intimacy of contactStereotype MaintenanceSubtyping:Disconfirming targets tagged as “exceptions to the rule”StereotypingApplying one’s stereotype to an individualAfrican AmericanWhiteAmbiguous Behavior(e.g., poking)More mean& threateningcpFunction of StereotypesCognitive Miser Perspective:Stereotyping easier than judging targets according to personal attributesTime Pressure StudyKruglanski & Freund (1983)EssayAshkenaziJewSephardicJewManipulationTime PressureNo Time Pressurecpcp60.0065.0070.0075.0080.0085.00Time Pressure No Time PressureAshkenazi Jew SephardicBDCDTime Pressure StudyKruglanski & Freund (1983)Self-Fulfilling PropheciesA false belief that leads to its own fulfillment:1. Perceiver develops false belief about a target2. Perceiver treats target in a manner consistent with false belief3. Target responds to the treatment in such a way as to confirm the originally false beliefcpTwo Types of SFPsPositive SFPs: 1. Perceiver overestimates target’s ability2. Perceiver treats target consistent with that overly positive belief3. Target responds by confirming the overly positive beliefcpTwo Types of SFPsNegative SFPs: 1. Perceiver underestimates target’s ability2. Perceiver treats target consistent with that overly negative belief3. Target responds by confirming the overly negative beliefcpDumb Rat - Smart Rat StudyPositive Belief Negative BeliefSmartRatDumbRatLearned the maze bettercpSelf-Fulfilling Prophecies and StereotypesSelf-fulfilling propheciescan contribute to social problemsInterview StudyStudy 1Do W treat AA and W different?Participants interviewed confederate for a jobConfederate: African American or WhitecpInterview StudyResults: Study 1Interview length: AA < WDistance: AA > WEye contact: AA < WSpeech dysfluencies: AA > WcpInterview StudyStudy 2Does differential treatment influence behavior?Confederates interviewed participant for jobTreated participant like AA or W were treated in Study 1cpInterview StudyResults: Study 2Treated likeAfricanAmericansTreated like WhitesBetter PerformanceWorse PerformancecpPrejudicePositive or negative feeling about person based on attitude about person’s groupCauses of Prejudice1. Competition between groups2. Simple distinction between groupsRealistic Group Conflict TheoryPrejudice stems from competition between groupscpSummer Camp StudiesCompetitionPrejudicePurpose:Robber’s Cave StudyPhase 1: In-group IdentityBuild cohesion among in-groupRobber’s Cave StudyPhase 2: Intergroup ConflictCreate competitive environmentRobber’s Cave StudyEach boy rated own group and other groupbravetoughfriendlysneakysmart aleckstinkerRobber’s Cave Study– Collected as many beans as possible– Estimate # beans in a sackBean Toss:¾Overestimated beans collected by in-group ¾Underestimated beans collected by out-groupcpRobber’s Cave StudyPhase 3: Restoring HarmonyCreate harmonious environmentwith superordinate goals(goals that can only be achieved if both groups work together cooperatively)Robber’s Cave StudyCompetition led to prejudice. When competition removed, prejudice stoppedMinimal Group ParadigmSimple distinction between groups causes biascpMinimal Group Paradigm1. Alone & anonymous2. Estimated dots3. Labeled: Over- or Underestimators4. Completed pay off matricescpMinimal Group ParadigmcpPayoff Matrix#26, one of the:overestimators(in-group) 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19#17, one of the: 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25underestimators(out-group)Boys most often selected 12:11 strategyFairness combined with ingroup