1Lecture Outline:Helping Part 2Bystander EffectFive steps to helpingFactors that affect helping–role models– time pressure– mood– personality traits– religiosityBystander EffectThe tendency to NOT help another in need when others are present.cpFive Steps To Helping1. Notice an emergencyCrowd effect: DistractioncpSmoke StudyDarley & Latane (1968)Alone5 secondsGroup20 secondsFive Steps To Helping1. Notice an emergency2. Interpret event as an emergencyFive Steps To Helping1. Notice an emergency2. Interpret event as an emergencyCrowd effect: Social proofcp2Five Steps To Helping1. Notice an emergency2. Interpret event as an emergency3. Take responsibility for providing helpCrowd effect:Diffusion of responsibilitycpFive Steps To Helping1. Notice an emergency2. Interpret event as an emergency3. Take responsibility for providing help4. Decide how to helpTwo Ways to Help1. Direct help:e.g., CPR, pushing an attacker awayTwo Ways to Help1. Direct help:2. Indirect help:e.g., calling the policeFive Steps To Helping1. Notice an emergency2. Interpret event as an emergency3. Take responsibility for providing help4. Decide how to helpCrowd effect: ConfidencecpResults: Falling Ladder Study0102030405060708090Confederate AlonePercent HelpingRNsStudentscp3Five Steps To Helping1. Notice an emergency2. Interpret event as an emergency3. Take responsibility for providing help4. Decide how to help5. Providing helpAudience InhibitionCrowd effect: EmbarrassmentAudience Inhibition EffectA crowd (or audience) inhibits people from helping because people don’t want to appear foolish in front of others.Factors that Affect Helping1. Role ModelsOrphan Fund StudyRosenhan & White (1967)Role model No role model48% 0%Factors that Affect Helping1. Role Models2. Time PressureGood Samaritan StudyDarley & Batson (1973)Factor 1: Content of talk:Job opportunities vs. Good Samaritan Bible Parable4Good Samaritan StudyDarley & Batson (1973)Factor 2: TardinessEarly vs. Late010203040506070Early LatePercent HelpingcpGood Samaritan StudyDarley & Batson (1973)Factors that Affect Helping1. Role Models2. Time Pressure3. MoodMaintain positive moodView others more positivelyThink about rewards over costs2 min.63 min.Not Guilty(didn’t lie)Guilty(lied)Feeling Guilty StudyMcMillen & Austin (1971)Factors that Affect Helping1. Role Models2. Time Pressure3. Mood4. Personality TraitsEmpathic peoplePeople who can take another’s perspective5Factors that Affect Helping1. Role Models2. Time Pressure3. Mood4. Personality Traits5. ReligiosityEmergency Helping:Religious = non-religiousLong Term Nurturing Helping:Religious >
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