I. Living ConditionsII. Political Machines and Organized CrimeIII. Gilded AgeIV. The Antitrust MovementV. Labor StrifeVI. Organization of American LaborHIST 2620 1nd Edition Lecture 5Outline of Last Lecture I. Technological Advances improving Corporation SuccessII. Scientific Management on the Factory FloorIII. “Robber Barons” No MoreIV. UrbanizationOutline of Current Lecture I. Living ConditionsII. Political Machines and Organized CrimeIII. Gilded AgeIV. The Antitrust MovementV. Labor StrifeVI. Organization of American LaborCurrent LectureI. Living Conditions- You would have a number of families living together in a two/three room apartment complex. These “dumbbell tenements” when looked at from above look like a dumbbell. These were usually no more than four or five floors high. They had several apartments on each side and made for unsanitary conditions. For example, lower east side NYC, mostly Jewish immigrants in late 19th century. It was 700ppl/acre in these areas, which was comparable to Indian cities. Sewer systems designed for only a certain flow, the large growth of population caused a backup in these sewage systems. Large number of births and a high infant mortality rate. These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- They then began to inspect the tenements and hold the owners to the laws of upkeep. In1900, they began a complete redesign of the sewer systems. Chicago reversed the flow of the Missouri river to flow into the Mississippi instead of lake Michigan.II. Political Machines and Organized Crime- Corruption and organized crime. The dominant political parties in the most important cities ran political machines, New York & Boston = Democrats, Ohio = Republicans. - William Marcy Tweed was the Boss of the Tammany hall political machine in New York. He was the boss from 1858-1871; they were not elected to lead the Democratic Party in NY. They made their way up the political ladder by favors and networking. He spent millions of dollars on a very expensive courthouse, which angered the government. The reason it was so hard to catch up with these Bosses is because they just blame each other. There was a lot of voter fraud at this time among the political machines. Political machines are not the only example of corruption.o For example, if you wanted to run an illegal gambling den in NY, but you want thepolice to stay away… You would pay the Boss and the police would leave you alone. o For example, if you wanted a contract with the city, the person who gave the biggest kickback to Tammany Hall would get the contract. - At this time, The Mafia and other underworld corruption is going on. The Tongs in the west are an Asian extortion group. They controlled and harassed Chinese immigrants into doing what they want with violence and coercion. - Even in the Kennedy family, there was some illegitimate money made through bootleg liquor and other corrupt practices. III. Gilded Age - Urbanization increased from %20 urban in 1860 - %40 in 1900. One of the reasons these cities are going to grow rapidly and remain livable is because of the streetcars. This allowed the growth of cities beyond the “walking city” and expands the amount of living room. There were however, great disparities of wealth in cities almost side by side. The middle class is developing at this time and they can afford to live outside the city. This begins the first Suburban areas, and the settlement of the middle class for a more pastoral life. They are still tied to the cities to work and traveled by train. - Foundation for a conflict that will explode after this, a battle between those who thought utility companies should NOT be in private hands, but should instead be publiclyheld. Supporters believed that one should not make a profit on a public good. What is a better way to supply utilities?- Rich Vs. Pooro The gulf widens dramatically because the people at the top are becoming more and more wealthy. The top tier is growing so quickly, no because the poor are becoming more poor.  Thorstein Veblen was the son of Norwegian immigrants, an economist. He wrote a book, The Theory of the Leisure Class (1899), He attacked in his book the implantation of Laissez Faire. He argues that it was shaping American Society negatively. The newly rich Americans should not be emulated, because these people WANTED you to know they were rich, they were very conspicuous in consuming high-end goods. o Robber Barons; the criticism was of the power they were able to BUY. Their wealth allowed them to buy much more power than was their right to have in the market of the U.S. at this time. - 3 Utopian Economic Plans Henry George, Progress and Poverty (1879). He saw rising Land values to be the source of inequality in the U.S. He argued that a single land tax should be put in place. Ultimately, the social progress would come from a land tax that would ultimately end monopolies.  Edward Bellamy, Looking Backward (1888). The extremes of American Society need to be countered some way. He writes that a person from the Future looks atthe world, as it existed from 1888, He tells everyone how the problems had fixed.He says that they had put into place a Socialist State that fixed everything. Henry Lloyd, Wealth Against Commonwealth (1894), He believed the aggression of trusts would eventually lead to economic slavery. He believed in the need to put into place a system where government cooperates by owning and operating the means of production. IV. The Antitrust Movement- 1890, the passage of the act of congress, Sherman’s Antitrust Act of (1890). The courts would weaken the interstate commerce act that came before, so the Sherman Antitrust Act established a restrain of trade. “Every contract in the form of trust or otherwise in the restrain of trade is Illegal” or any action that would monopolize trade and take that opportunity away from other companies. o U.S. V E.C. Knight Company (1895): E.C. Knight was a sugar refining company that the U.S. found had a monopoly. The company was involved in manufacturing, and in its decision, the court said that manufacturing was an Intra-state activity. So Manufacturing’s effects are played out WITHIN a state. Because of this, it isnot considered commerce, so it does not fall under the Sherman Anti-trust Act. This is because it is not