The Urinary System: Part AKidney FunctionsSlide 3Urinary System OrgansFigure 25.1 The urinary system.Kidney AnatomyFigure 25.2b Position of the kidneys against the posterior body wall.Kidney AnatomyInternal AnatomySlide 10Slide 11Homeostatic ImbalanceFigure 25.2a Position of the kidneys against the posterior body wall.Figure 25.3 Internal anatomy of the kidney.Blood and Nerve SupplyFigure 25.4a Blood vessels of the kidney.Figure 25.4b Blood vessels of the kidney.NephronsRenal CorpuscleFigure 25.5 Location and structure of nephrons.Slide 21Figure 25.5 Location and structure of nephrons. (2 of 7)Figure 25.5 Location and structure of nephrons. (3 of 7)Renal TubuleSlide 25Figure 25.5 Location and structure of nephrons. (4 of 7)Slide 27Figure 25.5 Location and structure of nephrons. (6 of 7)Slide 29Figure 25.5 Location and structure of nephrons. (5 of 7)Collecting DuctsFigure 25.5 Location and structure of nephrons. (7 of 7)Slide 33Slide 34Classes of NephronsFigure 25.7a Blood vessels of cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons.Nephron Capillary BedsSlide 38Slide 39Slide 40Slide 41Juxtaglomerular Complex (JGC)Slide 43Slide 44Slide 45Figure 25.8 Juxtaglomerular complex (JGC) of a nephron.Kidney Physiology: Mechanisms of Urine FormationSlide 48Slide 49Figure 25.9 A schematic, uncoiled nephron showing the three major renal processes that adjust plasma composition.Glomerular FiltrationThe Filtration MembraneFigure 25.10a The filtration membrane.Figure 25.10b The filtration membrane.Figure 25.10c The filtration membrane.Slide 56Pressures That Affect FiltrationSlide 58Net Filtration Pressure (NFP)Figure 25.11 Forces determining net filtration pressure (NFP).Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)Regulation of Glomerular FiltrationSlide 63Slide 64Intrinsic ControlsIntrinsic Controls: Myogenic MechanismIntrinsic Controls: Tubuloglomerular Feedback MechanismExtrinsic Controls: Sympathetic Nervous SystemSlide 69Extrinsic Controls: Renin-Angiotensin- Aldosterone MechanismExtrinsic Controls: Other Factors Affecting GFRPowerPoint® Lecture Slidesprepared byBarbara Heard,Atlantic Cape Community CollegeC H A P T E R© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.© Annie Leibovitz/Contact Press ImagesThe Urinary System: Part,A25© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.Kidney Functions•Regulating total water volume and total solute concentration in water•Regulating ECF ion concentrations•Ensuring long-term acid-base balance•Removal of metabolic wastes, toxins, drugs© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.Kidney Functions•Endocrine functions–Renin - regulation of blood pressure–Erythropoietin (EPO) - regulation of RBC production•Stimulated by a change in blood pressure •Activation of vitamin D•Gluconeogenesis during prolonged fasting–Produce carbohydrates© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.Urinary System Organs•Kidneys - major excretory organs•Ureters - transport urine from kidneys to urinary bladder•Urinary bladder - temporary storage reservoir for urine•Urethra transports urine out of body© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 25.1 The urinary system.Hepatic veins (cut)Esophagus (cut)Inferior vena cavaAdrenal glandAortaIliac crestRectum (cut)Uterus (part of femalereproductive system)Renal arteryRenal hilumRenal veinKidneyUreterUrinarybladderUrethra© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Kidney Anatomy•Retroperitoneal, in the superior lumbar region; ~ T12 to L5•Right kidney crowded by liver  lower than left•Adrenal (suprarenal) gland atop each kidney•Convex lateral surface, concave medial surface; vertical renal hilum leads to renal sinus•Ureters, renal blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves enter and exit at hilum© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 25.2b Position of the kidneys against the posterior body wall.12th rib© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.Kidney Anatomy•Layers of surrounding supportive tissue–Renal fascia •Anchoring outer layer of dense fibrous connective tissue –Perirenal fat capsule •Fatty cushion –Fibrous capsule•Prevents spread of infection to kidney© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.Internal Anatomy•Renal cortex–Granular-appearing superficial region•Renal medulla–Composed of cone-shaped medullary (renal) pyramids –Pyramids separated by renal columns•Inward extensions of cortical tissue© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.Internal Anatomy•Papilla–Tip of pyramid; releases urine into minor calyx•Lobe–Medullary pyramid and its surrounding cortical tissue; ~ 8/kidney•Renal pelvis–Funnel-shaped tube continuous with ureter© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.Internal Anatomy•Minor calyces–Drain pyramids at papillae•Major calyces–Collect urine from minor calyces –Empty urine into renal pelvis•Urine flow– Renal pyramid  minor calyx  major calyx  renal pelvis  ureter© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.Homeostatic Imbalance•Pyelitis–Infection of renal pelvis and calyces•Pyelonephritis–Infection/inflammation of entire kidney•Normally - successfully treated with antibiotics© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 25.2a Position of the kidneys against the posterior body wall.PeritoneumRenalveinRenalarteryBody ofvertebra L2Body wallAnteriorPeritoneal cavity(organs removed)PosteriorInferiorvena cavaAortaSupportivetissue layers• Renal fasciaanteriorposterior• Perirenal fat capsule• Fibrous capsule© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 25.3 Internal anatomy of the kidney.RenalhilumRenal cortexRenal medullaMajor calyxPapilla ofpyramidRenal pelvisMinor calyxUreterRenal pyramid inrenal medullaRenal columnFibrous capsuleDiagrammatic viewPhotograph of right kidney, frontal section© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.Blood and Nerve Supply•Kidneys cleanse blood; adjust its composition  rich blood supply•Renal arteries deliver ~ ¼ (1200 ml) of cardiac output to kidneys each minute•Arterial flow into and venous flow out of kidneys follow similar paths•Nerve supply via sympathetic fibers from renal plexus© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 25.4a Blood vessels of the kidney.Cortical radiatevein Cortical radiatearteryArcuate veinInterlobar veinInterlobar arterySegmental arteriesRenal veinRenal arteryRenal pelvisUreterRenal medullaRenal cortexArcuate arteryFrontal section illustrating major blood vessels© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 25.4b Blood vessels of the kidney.Aorta Renal artery Segmental artery Interlobar artery Arcuate artery Cortical radiate artery Afferent arteriole Glomerulus (capillaries)Efferent arteriole Inferior vena cava Renal