HIST 2620.005 Final Exam TermsMarshall Plan:- It is also known as the European Recovery Plan.- It was announced on June 5, 1947.- The plan was devised by Secretary of State George C. Marshall.- It committed the United States to help rebuild and reconstruct Europe. - It lasted from 1948 until 1952.- It was a success in Western Europe and aid there totaled $13.5 billion over three years.- The economy was established as well as food sources, schools, and infrastructure.- It created an “empire by invitation” so both Americans and Europeans could join the efforts- Business and labor provided support as Europeans spent the aid on American goods and this helped the American markets and economy.- American influence was expanded by these cooperated efforts.Colonel Gail Halvorsen:- Mr Wiggly Wings.- He dropped candies for the kids during the Berlin Airlift.Joseph McCarthy:- He was an American politician that fueled fears of communist subversion during the Red Scare.- He was a senator from Wisconsin who was coming up to the end of his term. - He made a speech at a women's club in Wheeling, West Virginia, and during the talk, held up a piece of paper claiming he had a list of 203 card carrying communists that the government knew about. - He was given control of the Senate Committee on Government Operations in 1953.- He didn't actually do anything except speculate and scare people, there was no evidence for any of his claims. - He had secret meetings with his assistants David Shine and Roy Cohn and they did whateverthey wanted. They even attacked the army. Shine got drafted and Cohn had a fit and insisted that he come in on high ranking and not have to do any real labor. - McCarthy called the army communist, as well as George Marshall, in 1950 and Eisenhower made sure that the hearing were televised. - McCarthy faded away after this because he came off as a bully and that ruined his image.- His popularity with many Americans reflect the ideals then as so many supported him and his false claims.Dwight D. Eisenhower:- He was president from 1953 until 1961.- His administration was a big part of the establishment of the Interstate Highway System thatis used for travel through out the country.- His administration also supported a lot of economic development in the 1950s.- He was the Supreme Allied Commander during WW2 with the Allied Expeditionary Force (AEF) in the European Theatre of Operations (ETO).- He was supported by both Democrats and Republicans.- He chose Republicans as he wanted to retain commitment to NATO and collective security in Europe.- He was the first president to televise news conferences.- He was re-elected in 1956.- The Eisenhower administration's doctrine was of massive retaliation.Checkers Speech:- It was also known as the Fund Speech.- It was given on September 23rd, 1952.- The speech was in defense of a fund created by Nixon's backers to reimburse him for his political expenses.- Nixon was accused of improprieties and accepting gifts illegally.Invasion of Inchon:- General MacArthur wanted to cross the 38th parallel but Truman didn't want to do this.- Inchon was 150 miles behind the North Korean lines.- The first landings occurred during September 1950. - MacArthur's troops went from the southern tip of South Korea all the way around to the north of the North Korean army on Inchon Island. - The North Korean army allows for the 38th parallel to be crossed after exhaustion.- MacArthur asks for permission to go past the 38th parallel and Truman allows him to do so. Peace Corps:- Kennedy created this federal agency in 1961 to promote voluntary service by Americans in foreign countries.- It was part of his New Frontier plan.- The Peace Corps provides labor power to help developing countries improve their infrastructure, health care, educational systems, and other aspects of their societies. - He wanted to contain communism by providing assistance to foreign countries. - He wanted them to understand American culture and to help Americans understand the cultures of other countries. - The organization represented an effort by postwar liberals to promote American values and influence through productive exchanges across the world.Head Start:- It is a program of the U.S. Department of Health and Human services.- It is a subsidized child care program including early childhood education, health, nutrition, and parent involvement services. - It was enacted as part of President Johnson's war on poverty through the Economic Opportunity Act. - President Johnson wanted a program that would foster improved outcomes for low-income children.Bay of Pigs:- 1400 anti-Castro Cubans landed at the Bay of Pigs on April 17, 1961.- Fidel Castro took over Batista and called Russia for help. - The CIA had trained and armed the invaders but Kennedy refused to commit U.S. Forces to support them.- This lead to their capture by the attackers. James Farmer:- He was a black civil rights activist & leader.- He is the co-founder of CORE.- He was the organization's first leader and chairman from 1942 to 1944.McLaurin v. OK:- George McLaurin was denied admission to the University of Oklahoma to attain his Master's degree because of his race.- The university did not provide separate facilities to comply with the state law. Separate facilities were needed for the separate-but-equal law.- He sued the university to gain admission.- The Supreme Court ruled that a public institution of higher learning couldn't provide different treatment because of race. - They also ruled that it violated McLaurin's 14th Amendment rights.Central High Crisis:- Central High was an all-white high school where nine African-American students enrolled inthe fall of 1957.- Melba Pattillo was one of them who suffered harassment and hostility. J. W. “Big” Milam:- He killed Emmett Till along with Roy Bryant.House of Un-American Activities Committee:- Texan Democrat and Congressman Martin Dies created the Special Committee on Un-American Activities.- In 1945 it was known as the House of Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC).- It's aim was to investigate Un-American propaganda and Communist and Fascist parties in the U.S.- One of the main targets was Hollywood because it had a reputation for loose morals, Jewish producers, and foreign directors.- There were hearings in October 1947 to ensure some individuals were anti-Communist, suchas studio executives Jack Warner of Warner Brothers and Louis B. Mayer of MGM.- Some individuals refused