Psychology 137CWeek 6 Lecture 1102-16-12Paper Grade Distribution- Most likely will take a couple of weeksToday’s Class- Will discuss how differences of opinions escalate- Chapter 8 continued- Physical Violence: Common Couple Violence and Intimate Terrorismo Expected to know the differences between these two forms of physicalaggressionAggression - An Initial Controversy- Key Features o Common Couple Violenceo Intimate Terrorism- Neil Jacobson, guest, on OprahAggression is . . .- Unilateral,o Perpetrated by men to women- Male to Female,- Rare,- Severe,- All about Control. .- Women need to be protected, along with their children- Funds are needed for shelters from the federal government- Bilateralo Evidence of both men and women engaging in violence against one anothero Conversations that get out of hand, very heated, passionate arguments- Male and Female- Common- Not Severe- All about Emotion- Women and men need to be protectedo People need to learn effective communicate to avoid these type of conflicts- Funds are needed for couples and families to receive adequate therapyResolving the Controversy First type is Intimate Terrorism Studied using crime records Motivated by desire to control partner Involves physical and emotional abuse ‘Proactive’ and strategic  Second type is Common Couple Violence Studied using surveys Motivated by frustration in a specific situation Involves verbal and physical acts ‘Reactive’ aggression Common Couple Violence 50 to 60% of all newlyweds report some aggression in the past year. 60-70% of all distressed couples report violence.Prevalence of Aggressive Acts- Threw Something- Push, Grab, Shoveo Most common for men and women- Slapped- Kick, Bit, Hit- Hit or Tried to Hit- Beat up Spouse- Threaten Knife/Gun- Use Knife/Gun- *Women are more likely to engage in these acts compared to men- *Data are from CTS using either/or reporting and reflect aggression in past year; N = 56 couples. From Lawrence 2001- Narrate. Start with push/grab/shove as most common, but note that several other acts are also quite common.- Straus and colleagues typically make a distinction between moderate and severe acts of aggression, with the dividing point being slapping the partner, which is considered the last of the moderately aggressive acts; others would constitute severe aggression. - In a moment I will return to this distinction, but first I want to show you the overall prevalence figures for this sample …Women display more CCV than men O’Leary et al:  Men 31%, Women 44% Lawrence:  Men 29%, Women 46% Schumacher and Leonard:  Men 37%, Women 48% By virtue of their size, men are able to inflict far more physical damage. Thus the same acts by men and women are not comparable.Apparent Consequences- Study measuring Months of Marriage v. Cumulative Survivalo Aggression (Moderate, Non, Severe)- Moderately aggressive couples do fine in the long run- Here we can see that it is actually the severely aggressive couples who are at dramatically elevated risk for marital failure, with just 1 out of 14 (or 7%) couples avoiding significant distress or divorce. Nonaggressive couples and moderately aggressive couples were indistinguishable after 4 years of marriage.- Initially we had thought that this difference would be due to desistance of aggression by the moderately aggressive group, compared to the severely aggressive group. In some preliminary analyses of the 172-couple study, we find that couples in both aggressive groups show a tendency toward desistance in aggression. Following some recent work by Neil Jacobson, our thinking now is that unlike moderate levels of aggression, severe aggression, even if it subsides, has a lasting impact on relationships because it representsa strong effort on the part of one spouse to control and subjugate the partner.Is it Stable?- Physical aggression does not increase or escalate with the passing of time in relationshipso Physical aggression becomes less common with the passing of time- Relationship deterioration is not an unfolding of exploding moments- Severely aggressive couples, not a lot of peopleo Start off with a lot of physical aggression and then start disengaging orstopping their physically abusive behaviors  If you become a couple, child, or family therapist, you will encounter aggressive relationships.  You will need to carefully assess for presence, history, and type of violence. Exclusion of couples from therapy because of violence may not be appropriate with CCV. Programs aimed at battering are likely to be inappropriate for CCV couples.Intimate Terrorism is…- A Systematic and sustained effort to control and dominate a partner through physical violence, verbal and psychological abuse, sexual coercion and abuse, economic and social control, and threats.- Extremely costlyIntimate Terrorism Produces . . .- Physical injury- Psychological Problems- Economic difficulties- Trauma to children- Isolation- PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder)- Death*25-30 min video shown in class- Oprah: 4/28/98- Neil Jacobson, Ph.D.- John Gottman, Ph. D- When Men Batter Women- New Insights into Ending Abusive Relationships- New York Times Bestseller: Anna Quindlen’s Black and