List of topics to reviewAttachment theory & StylesSocial Learning vs. Social ExchangeIntimacy Process ModelDependency Regulation ModelABCx Model & Double ABCx ModelAttraction (Similarities vs. Differences)Attachment TheoryOne of the big five theories that psychologists refer to look at understand intimate relationshipsWhat are the focuses of the model?focuses on intimacy and childhood (relationship with caretaker)What does the model leave out?Provides us with a working model of ourselves and others when looking at the relationships we had with our caretakersAttachment theory has 2 variables (high and low)avoidance (high or low)only resort to their partners during minor circumstancesanxiety (high or low)secure (low, low)responsive caregiver, able to explore their environment from a secure relationship,preoccupiedclingy to their partners, positive view of others, expect their partners to take care of them, negative view of themselves (unsure if they are worthy of being taken cared of)fearfulhigh avoidance, high anxiety, negative view of others, negative view of selfdismissive/ambivalentpositive self, negative view of othersIt is possible but very unlikely to have your attachment style change over time*Study the table on page 144: pay close attention to the tableSocial Exchange vs. Social LearningSocial Exchange TheoryEconomic EquationPositives of staying in a relationship outweigh the negatives of leaving a relationshipRelationship duration/terminationOutcome = Rewards – Costsif Outcome is negative, social exchange theorists advise leaving that relationshipTreats people very scientifically and roboticallyRewards (Sex, companionship, pretty much anything according to your filter)Costs (fighting, stress, opportunity costs at missing out on other relationships, abuse, etc)Satisfaction = Outcome – Comparison LevelComparison Level – what you think you deserve “should outcome* vs. actual outcomeDependency – Outcome – Comparison Level (Alternative)Commitment = Satisfaction + DependencySocial Learning TheoryRewards & Punishments type of learningRewarding and Punishing of behaviorsSometimes you can inadvertently reward negative behavior, ie. If you have a screaming child at a grocery store and you tell them to shut up and you will get them a candy barrewarding negative behavior (coercion theory)Coercion theory – inadvertently reinforce a negative behavior by your actionsEscaping conditions – you take away a negative stimuliDownfalls of theoryignores early experiencesEvolutionary TheoryCommon predictions rely on gender, mate selection, gender differences, etcWeakness of theory: Fails to address aspects within gender variabilityCharles DarwinDavid BussSocial Ecological ModelFactors your culture, neighborhood, workplaceRelationships happens in a larger historical and cultural timeframeIntimacy Process ModelAccounts for change over timeOperationalizes your satisfaction in your relationship by looking at three things; whether you feel:cared forvalidatedunderstoodKey thing that drives this process is disclosure***Person A has particular [motivations, needs, goals and fears]Person B has particular [motivations, needs, goals and fears]1) A discloses something2) B interprets3) B responds (verbal/non-verbal/emotional)4) A filters5) A Feels understood? Cared for? Validated?Impacts if they will continue disclosure in the futureRelationship satisfactionDependency Regulation Model1) Low self-esteem2) Underestimate how partner feels3) Partner begins to act differentlyDevalue partner their partnerNegative expression [behaviors, etc’]4) Become pessimistic about the relationship as a whole5) Horrible breakup that further lower’s your self esteem*Know what it is*Know what it meansABCX ModelPart of the Social Ecological TheoryRecognizes external stressesAttempts to understand why some relationships are able to overcome external stresses and others are ntoA = stressorB = resources to combat the stressorC = perception of the stressoryour psyche has a strong impact to how you’ll perceive the stressorDouble ABCx ModelAttraction (similarities & differences)We are attracted to people who are similar to youNo empirical evidence for opposites attractWe also have better relationships with people who are similar to usList of Topics to ReviewTheoriesAttachmentSocial Exchange TheorySocial Ecological TheoryEvolutionary TheorySocial Control TheoryIntimacy Process ModelDivorce & Effects on Children (Intergenerational Transmission Effect)Methods [Null hypothesis, operationalization, constructs]Big 5 ModelEmpathetic PerceptionSelection EffectAttachment TheoryWhen looking at a theory, focus on the assumptions and key predictions of each theoryPrimary caregivers in infancyDoes not necessarily say that your attachment style cannot change over timeResponsiveness of your primary caregivers really sets you up for the rest of your lifeSpecifically, attachment style sets you up in two waysavoidance – y-axis; Essential Question: Can people meet my needs in a relationship?positive view of othershigh avoidance –towards the bottom (negative view of others)anxiety –x-axis *Essential question: Do people want to be in a relationship with me? Am I worth being in a relationship with?high anxiety – right side (negative view of self)View of self1st quadrant: Secure Individuals (top, left)2nd quadrant: Dismissive Individuals (bottom, left)expects and wants to be taken care of but has trust issueshigh avoidance, low anxiety3rd quadrant: Preoccupied (top, right)Not sure if they are worth attention, believe that they don’t deserve attention and careClingy, seek attentionlow avoidance, high anxiety4th quadrant: Fearfulhigh avoidance, high anxietycan't trust their partners so they experience troubled relationshipsHave avoidant and inconsistent parents(s)This version of the attachment theory grew out of the developmental psychologyWeaknessDoes not account for changes over timesDoes not account for or explain for variabilityEx: Not all secure individuals have the same relationshipsOnly explains and accounts for between group experiencesSocial Exchange Theory [4 Key Economic Equations]Exchange starts with an E; Economic model w/ EquationsStarts with the assumption that we are rational, almost mathematical like when making decisionsPrimarily cares about your commitmenthow likely you are to stay in a relationshipCommitment = Satisfaction + DependencySatisfaction = Outcome – Comparison LevelOutcome = Rewards –