PSY 223 1nd Edition Lecture 18Outline of Last Lecture I.Exam #3Outline of Current Lecture II. Prosocial behavior,a. Altruism,b. Egotistic helping,III. Motives underlying helping behavior,IV. Telling the difference between egotistic and altruistic motives,Current Lecture11/3Prosocial Behavior: Helping OthersProsocial behavior: voluntary behavior carried out to benefit another person—it has to be on purposeAltruism: the primary goal is to help another person even if there is a cost to selfEgotistic helping: a form of helping in which the primary goal is to increase own welfareMany different forms of helping behavior:- Rescuing (men more likely than women)- Donating- Assisting- Volunteering- Giving social support (women more likely than men)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Motives Underlying HelpingEvolutionary factors—we are concerned about ourselves, but we also want our genes to survive (so more likely to help biological relatives than those who are not, especially in risky situations and if they can reproduce. Supports the following:Kinship selection is the tendency to help genetic relatives—strongest when biological stakes are particularly highReciprocal altruism & cooperation in groups (helping others increases the chances you will be helped in return and survive) Social exchange factors—theory about human behavior that explains why we choose certain behaviors—we want to maximize our rewards and minimize the costsIf rewards great enough and costs low enough then we are willing to help“Ought” factors: social norms—norms in society that tell us what behaviors to engage inReciprocity norms—we help those who helped usSocial Responsibility norm—you help those who are less well-off than you (younger, disabled, and elderly)Religious and ethical codes—help other people who need your helpEmpathy— the ability to put oneself in the shoes of another person and experience what they are experiencingEmpathy-altruism hypothesis: when we feel empathy for someone, we will attempt to help purely for altruistic reasonsWe could help due to empathetic concernWe help for 2 egotistic reasons: social rewards and experienced distressTelling the difference between egotistic and altruistic motives- If easy to escape from a helping situation, then people will escape rather than help those who stay are helping because of empathyo If egotistic motive, helping should decline when escape from situation is easyo If altruistic movement, help is given regardless of ease of
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