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ISU PSY 223 - Exam 1 Study Guide
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PSY 223 1nd EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 6Social Psychology—definition Social psychology: attempts to understand and explain how thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined, and implied presence of othersHow scientific?—social psychologists use scientific method- Include systematic observation, description, and measurement - Experimental studies HUGE in soc psych but can’t always be used bc sometimes elements can’t be manipulatedCentral phenomenon of soc psych= social context (social context=how people are influenced by the situations in which they are in and how they influence each other; the second part of the definition)Walton and Cohen study: study to illustrate social context—minorities’ stress and freshman year. Those who got information about stress being normal regardless of demographics had better GPAs 4 years down the road. No effect on white students if had info or not (pg. 8-9)Community Game-Wall Street Game: RA at Stanford chose a group of students who were either cooperative or especially competitive & they were invited to play game in study. Game was called either “Community Game” or “Wall Street Game.” In either game, their personalities did not influence how they played the game—what made it more competitive was the name of the game. Reveals the power ofsocial influenceSocial Psychology vs. Common Sense/Other DisciplinesSoc psych not like common sense because soc psych uses scientific method to put theories to testCommon sense leaves things too simple—usually no simple answer because answer depends on variety of different factorsSoc Psych Related to:- Personality Psych—personality psych seeks to understand differences between individuals but soc psych looks at how social factors influence people regardless of different personalities- Cognitive Psych—soc psych wants to look and how people think, learn, remember, and reason with respect to social information and how processes are relevant to social behavior - Clinical Psych—soc psych not interested in disorders instead how individuals think, feel, behave, and influence each other- Sociology—interested in similar issues (violence, prejudice, marriage) but sociology focuses on group level whereas soc psych focuses on individual ex. Sociology tracks racial attitudes of middle class. Soc pscyh examine specific factors that make individuals behave in racist way. Soc psych also more likely to conduct experiments with manipulated variables History of Soc PsychFirst Experiments in soc psych:- Triplett’s Experiment: Bicyclists bicycled faster and children (in lab) wound fishing reels faster in the presence of others o Referred to this phenomenon as social facilitation (occurs when in presence of other people and doing tasks)o Found easier tasks performed better when in front of others but more difficult tasks performed better when alone- Ringelmann’s experient: found people performed worse on simple tasks (like pulling rope) when pulling with others than when pulling aloneo Eventually became known as social loafingFirst Textbooks:William McDougall (1908)Edward Ross (1908)Floyd Allport (1924)**** most influential because focused on interaction of individuals and their social context and emphasized use of experimentation and scientific method—helped establish soc psych as discipline it is today1880s-1920s- First social psychology experiments done (Triplett-1887 and Ringlemann-1880s published 1913)- First textbooks with social psych on them (1908, 1908, 1924)1930s-1950s- Soc psychs interested in Hitler—violence, prejudice, obedience, etc.- Big flee from Europe to US so lots of soc psychs around- Social pscyh society (club) began—formed by Gordan AllportKurt Lewin: considered founding father of modern experimental soc psych. o Established interactionist perspective: behavior is function of interaction between the person and their environment. Emphasized interplay between internal motives and behaviorism, which focuses on external rewards and punishmentso Advocated for soc psych theories to be applied to important, practical issuesMuzafer Sherif: examined influences of groups on members—showed possible to study complex social processes such as conformity and social influence in scientific manner 1960s-1970s- Time of expansion, productivity, and enthusiasm- New topics emerged: self-perceptions, helping behavior, aggression, attraction- Time of criticism and debate—lab experiments questioned if valuable or ethical i.e. Milgram Studies & Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Studies1970s-1990s- More rigorous ethical standards for research implemented, more strict procedures against biased adopted, and more attention paid to cross-cultural differences in behavior- Began using multiple methods—experiments, surveys, etc. (pluralistic approach)- Both “hot” and “cold” experienceso Hot=emotion and motivation in our thoughts and actions o Cold-cognition- Started looking internationally and at cultural perspectives- Social cognition—study how we perceive, remember and interpret info about ourselves& othersRecent Trends in soc psych- “Cold” perspective—emphasize role of cognition and de-emphasized the role of emotion in explaining soc psych issues- “Hot” perspective—focus on emotion and motivation as determinants of our thoughts and actions- Social neuroscience—study of the relationship between neural and social processes- Cross-cultural research—examine similarities and differences across a variety of cultures- Multicultural research—examine racial and ethnic groups within cultures- Behavioral economics—focuses on how psychology, particularly social and cognitive psychology relates to economic decision making ex. Buy an item of high status when self-esteem lowered- Embodied cognition—examines the close links between our minds and the positioning, experinces, and actions of our bodies ex. Think someone looks friendlier when arms are out- New techonologyo Brain imaging technologyo Use of interneto Virtual reality technologyResearch MethodsAll research begins with a research questions. Questions can come from:- Own experiences and observations of life- Reading about research already done- TheoryHypothesis: testable proposition that describes a relationship that may exist between events or variablesStages of research process:- Generating a research question or hypothesis- Finding a relevant past


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ISU PSY 223 - Exam 1 Study Guide

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