PSY 223 1nd Edition Lecture 14Outline of Last Lecture I. Stereotypes,a. Development, b. Influence on perceptions,c. Influence on interactions,II. Stigmatization,III. How stereotypes endure,Outline of Current Lecture IV.Stereotypes,a.Implicit Attitudes,b.How to overcome stereotypes,V. Prejudice,a. Causes, b. How can it be reduced,i.Examples,VI.Discrimination,a.Sexism,b.Racism,Current Lecture10/152-step process in the activation of stereotypes1. Automatic processing: almost automatically, stereotypes are triggered by the presence of a stimulus2. Controlled processing: with awareness and control, you can choose to ignore the stereotypeThe Automatic: Implicit AttitudesImplicit Association Tests & Priming TestsExample: tap finger when see female name/weak word and other finger with male name/strongword. Then do the opposite (female and strong word have same finger) and it is harder forpeople to do this—need to concentrate and take more effortHow to overcome stereotypes:- Amount of personal informationThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Cognitive ability- Motivation level to form an accurate impressionPrejudiceA hostile or negative attitude toward a group of people, based on their membership in that group (feeling)What causes prejudice?Stereotypes can lead to prejudiceSocial learning theory—socialization: we all grew up in family and community that influenced us and could shape how we view othersRealistic Conflict theory—prejudices arise from competition for limited resourcesStudy: 11 year old boys in summer camp (2 weeks) had 2 different groups (didn’t know about the other group at first) then 2nd week of camp had groups compete where there would be only one winner and they started picking on each other (throw food in cafeteria.) Then tried to reduce competitionSocial Identity Theory—prejudice arises because we favor in-groups over out-groups to enhance our self-esteemHow can prejudice be reduced?Gordon Allport (1954) in The Nature of Prejudice proposed the contact hypothesis Contact hypothesis: prejudice can be reduced by equal status contact between majority and minority groups Also necessary…The groups must engage in cooperative activities (have mutual interdependence) to achieve superordinate goalsSocial norms must promote equalityExamples of Reducing Prejudice:The Robbers Cave Study (Sherif et al., 1961 (boys at summer camp)—put in superordinate goals—had food truck break down and both groups of boys needed to work together to get food truck up to camp ground, then they started getting along The Jigsaw Classroom (Aronson et al., 1978)—put in classroom that formed groups that had participants of different ethnic backgrounds (if gender issues put males and females) then each child had 1 portion ofthe information needed (everyone had different information) then they had to work together to succeedon the testDiscriminationStereotypes and prejudice lead to discriminationDiscrimination: unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or its membersIs there sexism today?Sexism has decreased in the past few decadesHowever, it still exists in some formsIn addition, gender stereotypes persistMen and women may differ in some ways, but people exaggerate these differencesGender stereotypes ensued because of illusory correlations, biased attributions, confirmation biases, and self-fulfilling propheciesThere can be ambivalent sexism: positive (benevolent) stereotypes that exists side by side with more hostile stereotypes Gender Stereotypes Affected by socio-cultural factorsMedia images and popular cultureSocial Role Theory (Eagly): Perception of sex differences are magnified by the different social roles occupied by men and women Is there racism today?Obvious and blatant racial stereotyping, prejudice and discrimination have decreased in the past few decadesMore subtle racismModern racism: a form of racism that surfaces in subtle ways when it is safe, socially acceptable, and easy to rationalizeImplicit racism: racism that operates unconsciously and unintentionally Implicit Association Test: White people took longer to identify pleasant words (i.e. peace) as “good” when associated with Black rather than White