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ISU PSY 223 - Aggression Continued
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PSY 223 1nd Edition Lecture 17Outline of Last Lecture I. Group Characteristics,II. Group Decision Making,a. Group Polarization,III. Groupthink,IV. Group Performance,V. Aggression,Outline of Current Lecture VI. Gender differences in aggression,VII. Individual differences in aggression,VIII. Origins of aggression,a. Evolutionary psychology,b. Behavior genetics,IX. Learning theory,a. Role of reinforcement,b. Social learning theory,c. Evidence of learning,X. Cultures of honor,XI. Social situations and aggression,a. Frustration-aggression theory,b. The weapons effect,c. Alcohol and aggression,d. Provocation and aggression,e. Hostile attributions,XII. Effects of violence in media and video games,a. Pornographic materials,XIII. Reducing Aggression,Current LectureDirect vs. indirect aggression (also sometimes call relational aggression) These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Gender differences in aggression- Men are more violent than women- Men engage in more physical aggression- However, girls engage in slightly more indirect of relational aggressionOther individual differences associated with aggression- Low in agreeableness- Being aggressive in childhood- Having a Type A personality (especially high in hostility)- Self-esteem NOT ASSOCIATED, although people high in narcissism aggressOrigins of aggression: biology of aggressionEvolutionary psychology: argues that there is inhibition of aggression against those genetically related. --Male aggression (against other males) can be triggered when status is challenged and (against female partners) in response to sexual jealousy--Female aggression can be triggered in defending offspringBehavior geneticslook at twin and adoptee studiesSome studies suggest that aggression can be inherited (at least for physical aggression—less for indirect or relational aggression)Hormones: Males have much more testosterone so that may lead to aggressionIs Aggression Learned? (Learning Theory)Role of reinforcement (rewards)- Positive reinforcement (aggression produces desired outcome)- Negative reinforcement (when aggression stops an undesired outcome)—example: a little kid bullied at school and they hit the person who bullies them and it makes the bully stop bullying themPunishment: may work if immediately follows aggression, fits the aggression, and is consistently and fairly applied—can increase aggressivenessSocial Learning Theory—learn from others about aggressiveness—learn from examples of others (as wellas rewards and punishments)Evidence of learningBandura’s famous experimentMales and females are socialized differently (“that’s not lady-like”)—learning from punishments and rewardsCultural and subcultural differences—attitudes toward violence and the form it takes can vary across cultures (ex: in japan, more common to grope girls on public transportation, but unlikely here)Cultures of HonorCertain types of aggression (like protection of property, loved ones, and honor) are more prevalent in American South-white males from south show more hostility after an insult than northern males-higher rates of homicide due to arguments (and protecting their honor) in the south (argument-related murders) than the north—no difference in felony-related murders Social Situations and AggressionFrustration-aggression theory: when you are prevented from attaining a goal, it increases the likelihood of aggression (ex: want to get to Ohare to catch plane, but if friend is late to come get you, then you are more likely to act aggressively toward your friend because you are frustrated (yell at them; hit them)Original Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis:1. Frustration will always lead to aggression (proven not true)2. Every act of aggression is preceded by frustration (also proven not true—there can be no emotion with the aggressive act)3. Redirecting aggression (though displacement) causes catharsis, which is the reduction in the aggressive drive following an aggressive act (when you displace your aggression, like kick your dog because you’re mad at your boss, it doesn’t mean aggression goes away—no support)**because all refuted, led to revision of hypothesis)Revised approach:Frustration is just one of many unpleasant experiences that can lead to aggression by creating negative feelings, but there’s other aversion events that could lead to aggression (pain, be in a hot area, goals blocked.) these negative affects can lead to aggressionThe Weapons Effect: the mere presence of an aggressive stimulus (gun) can increase probability of aggression—guns bad because lead people to hurt people but also can increase aggressivenessAtholow et al. (2005) found that hunters were less likely than non-hunters to associate hunting guns withaggression. But, hunters were more likely to associate assault guns with aggression than non-huntersRole of Alcohol and AggressivenessAlcohol is related to acts of aggression—leads to disinhibition (weakening of restraints) Why?- Inability to process complex and subtle situational cues- Reduction of self-awareness- People expect that inappropriate behaviors are more excusable while drunkPath of Provocation to AggressionOften, people can engage in self-control and not aggress despite frustration or negative affectHowever, rumination (ignoring that you’re pissed Shannon dropped your drink) and high arousal (loud music in bars and darkness) can lead to aggressionHigh arousal can also lead to excitation transferSelf-control is reduced by rumination, alcohol, and high arousalHostile AttributionsSome people or situations are conductive to perceiving hostile intent in others; increase aggression—youassume that someone is hostile and they drop your drink because they are hostile so you want to be aggressive back (there can be an opposite effect too)Effects if Violence in Media and Video GamesThe more violent the child’s TV viewing, the more aggressive the child is, as rated by self, parents, and teachersWhen television is introduced to a particular area, violence rates go upLongitudinal studies have found that viewing violence during childhood predicts violence or aggressive behavior at a later age, especially for boys**the link between violent media and aggressive behavior is strongly established**Why does media violence increase real violence?- Identification with


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ISU PSY 223 - Aggression Continued

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