PSY 223 1st edition Lecture 7 9/17Outline of Last Lecture I. Exam #1Outline of Current Lecture II. Understanding and Perceiving OthersIII. Snap JudgmentsIV. How We Perceive Othersa. Nonverbal behaviorsb. Nonverbal communicationCurrent LectureUnderstanding and Perceiving OthersWe often make snap judgments based on:- Physical features- Expressions of emotion- Many other identity cues (clothes, facebook posts, etc.)**usually wrong at first, but helpful when deciding if someone is a danger to you or if you trust someoneHow good are snap judgments?--One way to answer question is to compare snap judgments with judgments that occur by others or with more time. Found that high correspondence in snap judgments if short amount of time or long timeto make judgment BUTTTTT doesn’t prove that what you thought was right--A second way to examine whether snap judgments actually match what people are like. Here, evidenceis mixed.Ex. Have someone make a snap judgment after listening to a recording of someone else read andcompare their judgment with the reader’s intelligence scoreThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.One common way we make snap judgments depends on physical appearance. Two major dimensions people judge from faces: dominance and trustworthinessWe also judge “baby-faced” adults differently than “mature-faced” adultsHalo effect of physical attractiveness: how attractive you are effects people’s perceptions of you. Good looking people have “halo” and everything about them must be “good”--In the original study (Dion et al.—took pictures from yearbooks and had people judge their attractiveness then took the attractive people and unattractive people and had other people judge them on different characterizes ) that demonstrated the “what is beautiful is good” stereotype, found that attractive people are judged to have better features. But there is a limit & some negative judgments: arrogance and vain and assumed that they wouldn’t make as good of a parent & more likely to have an affairPeople also have beliefs (“scripts”) about certain situations ranging from what to do at dinner for a first dateScripts influence perceptions- We see what we expect to see- We use scripts to help us explain causes of human behaviorPerceptions based on nonverbal behaviorsNonverbal communication is the way people communication, intentionally or unintentionally, without wordsNonverbal communication includes facial expressions, tone of voice, gestures, body position and movement, used of touch, and eye gazeNonverbal behavior may…- Repeat or complement verbal behavior- Replace or be a substitute for verbal behavior (just thumbs—no words)- Contradict verbal behaviorFacial Expressions—revealing emotionsResearch has indicated there are 6 primary emotions recognized internationally1. happiness 2. fear3. sadness4. anger5. surprise6. disgustDecoding is not always accurate—we don’t think they are expressing the emotion that they actually areWhy?- People display affect blends: showing 2 different emotions in the same facial expression- Context may be needed- People sometimes try to suppress their emotional responses- Certain people are better at decoding—extroverts and women better- Rules about expression can vary across culturesGazing behavior=powerful form of nonverbal communication- Can communicate interest—amount of love two people have for each other is correlates with amount of eye gaze- But can also reflect dominance—right before fightingWe have difficulty detecting deception—if someone is telling the truth or not- We have truth bias—think people should be telling the truth & wouldn’t be lying- Mismatch between cues that signal deception and the ones that we used to detect deception—we focus on words people are saying and facial expressions, but we should be focusing on the voice and body movement. The face is controllable and the words cannot be trust (more under