PSY 223 1st edition Lecture 6 9/10Outline of Last Lecture I. The Self II. Sources of Self-conceptOutline of Current Lecture II. Gender and selfIII. Self-esteema. Ways to measureb. Theories c. Group differencesd. Strategies to enhanceIV. Self-presentationCurrent LectureThe Self continuedGender and SelfAcross cultures, men generally have more independent views of self; women have more interdependent viewsDifferences may be due to socialization: cultural stereotypes, parental feedback, and educational treatment. Evolution could also attribute to differencesSelf-esteemPositive or negative view of selfSatisfying this need is critical to our entire outlook on lifePositive self-esteem: tend to be happy, healthy, productive, and successfulNegative self-esteem: depressed, pessimistic about future, prone to failureThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Ways to measure self-esteem:- Rosenberg Self-esteem scale: 10 items disagree/agree to measure self-esteem. Statements like “on the whole I am satisfied with myself’Theories on self-esteem:- Leary’s Sociometer theory: self-esteem is a cue to the extent to which we are getting along with others- Terror Management theory: people are motivated by fear of death and self-esteem is a way to conquer that fear- Self-discrepancy theory: self-esteem depends on discrepancy between actual self and ideal selfo Big differences in actual self and ideal self=lower self-esteemo Importance of discrepancy matters (i.e. if you don’t care that you’re short than itdoesn’t affect your self-esteem)o Self-awareness can make self-discrepancies more salient (ex. Stand in front of class and become self-conscious)Group Differences in Self-Esteemo Men higher in self-esteem (but small difference)o African Americans higher in self-esteem than white, but Hispanics, Asians, and Native Americans are not higher in self-esteem than whiteso Very high self-esteem ages 9-12 but then goes down until ages 50-60 but then declines againSources of Self-Esteem: family experiences, reactions from other important/significant others, performance feedbacks, and social comparisons (compare self to others)Strategies to enhance self-esteemo Positives illusions (better than average effect)—people see themselves better than others, especially on more important taskso Implicit egotism: unconscious expression of self-esteem, like letters in our name some of our favorite letterso Self-serving beliefs—self-enhancing attribution (teachers fault we did poorly on test)o Self-handicapping—think you’ll do bad on test so go out night beforeo Unrealistic optimism and illusions of control (i.e. don’t think you’ll get divorced when you get married)o Basking in reflected glory (and cutting off reflected failure)—wear Bears shirt when they win but avoid wearing Bears shirt when they loseo Self-esteem is contingent on multiple domains—helps when self-esteem depends on multiple things instead of just one because when that portion fails then self-esteem downNot everyone wants to enhance their self-esteem & high self-esteem can be dangerous- Truth matters: people with negative self-views may not want flattering feedbacko Self-verification: desire to have others perceive us as we perceive us (if bad at chess don’t say I’m good)- Depends on culture: independent cultures want high self-esteem and others want more modesty- Dark side to high self-esteem: can lead to self-defeating behavior and may make someone unlikeable by othersSelf-PresentationMost people concerned about and try to control the image they present to othersGoffman said life is like theatre and we “all have a face”2 types of self-presentation:- Strategic self-presentation: try to shape others’ impressions to gain influence, power, approval, etc.- Self-verification: desire to have others perceive us as we perceive us Self-monitoring: degree of self-presentation according to environment cues. We tend to regulate behaviors to meet the needs to social situationso High monitors: sensitive to strategic self-presentation concerns (changes in different situations)o Low self-monitors: more concerned with self-verification (want people to view them the same in all