PSY 223 1nd Edition Lecture 20Outline of Last Lecture I. Positive moods,II. Negative moods,III. Helping in emergencies,a. Bystander invention model,b. Classic studies,c. Other factors,Outline of Current Lecture IV. Helping behavior continueda. Situational factors influencing behaviorb. Who is more likely to helpc. Whom do we helpd. Costs of recipientse. Increasing helping and altruismV. Affiliationa. FactorsVI. Entering relationshipsa. Flirting Current Lecture11/10 Situational factors that influence helping behavior:- Role Models—if you have role models that are helpful makes you more helpfulo Observational learning in childreno Prosocial modeling in adults (adults influenced too) Can be important because:- Provide an example of behavior that we imitate- They are often rewarded, so we learn that helping is valued- Makes us more aware of standards and social norms (e.g. norm of responsibility)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Who is more likely to help?—depends on the situation Is there an altruistic personality?Combination of empathy & high moral reasoningParental and family influencesMay determine helpfulness in geneticsGender differencesMen do tend to be more heroic but women more likely to help in social support situationReligionThose who are more religious tend to do some types of helping, like long-term volunteering but not really more likely to help in emergency situationsWhom do we help?- Attractiveness- Similar to others- Issues of gender—women are helped by both males and females more- “Deserving others” (attributions of responsibility)—if you think they are responsible for their plight then less likely to help (ex. can I have your notes because I have been in the hospital—likely to help but if they say because I was on vacation then less likely to help)- Close othersCosts of help for recipients- Distress that comes from not being able to reciprocate- Threat to self-esteem- Over-helping can be cruel Increasing helping and altruism- Reduce ambiguity—increase responsibility in emergency-type situations- Activating concern for self-image- Teaching moral inclusion- Modeling altruism- Attributing helpful behavior to altruistic motives (labeling process)- Learning about altruism- Increase a sense of similarityAffiliationWe all have a desire to affiliate with peopleThe Need to BelongHuman beings have a pervasive drive to form and maintain at least a minimum quantity of lasting, positive, and significant interpersonal relationships—we need to have a balance between being along and having companyAffiliation needsFactors:Evolutionary pastDifferences in need to affiliationStress and anxiety—more anxiety wanted to be with others than those with less anxiety. Especially if they were going to experience same things as them, even if they couldn’t communicateException: when people are faced with an upcoming embarrassing event they don’t want to wait with other peopleEntering RelationshipsThe importance of introductions—people commonly meet through friends On-line meeting is becoming more common too—3 different typesFlirtingIn study looking at when flirting most common, it was most common in a singles barTypes of opening lines- Direct opening lines- Innocuous-