PSY 223 1nd Edition Lecture 15Outline of Last Lecture I.Stereotypes,a.Implicit Attitudes,b.How to overcome stereotypes,II. Prejudice,a. Causes, b. How can it be reduced,i.Examples,III.Discrimination,a.Sexism,b.Racism,Outline of Current Lecture IV. Discrimination contd.a. Costs of prejudice, stereotyping, and discriminationV. Group ProcessesVI. Social Facilitationa. ExplanationVII. Social loafingVIII. DeindividuationIX. GroupsCurrent Lecture10/20General findings from this research:- If target has a weapon, quicker to press “shoot” if black than white- If target has a harmless object, slower to press “don’t shoot” if black than white- More likely to mistakenly shoot an unarmed black target than unarmed white target- With repetition, or more time, actual officers were less likely to make mistakesThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Costs of Prejudice, stereotyping, and discriminationMaterial costs—something can actually cost more (think price of car)Cannot be sure why others are behaving as they are (attribution ambiguity)Being stigmatizedConsequence of Stereotype Threat—fear that one stereotype will be reduced to a stereotype in the eyes of the others (girls aren’t good at math so freak self out before test)Hamper academic achievement: reactions to threat can directly interfere with performance, threat can cause individuals to dismiss the domain as no longer relevant to their self-esteem and identityGroup ProcessesWhat is a collective: an assembly of people engaging in a common activity but having little direct interaction with each other—not a real groupDoes an audience improve or impair performance? It depends on how well you know activityWhen you are engaging in individual efforts but along with others or in the presence of others, social facilitation occursSocial facilitation enhances easy tasks (Triplett’s study with children on finishing reel)Also found in animals and insects (Zajonc’s study with cockroachesSocial facilitation inhibits difficult tasksZajnoc Solution: presence of another person or member of the same species increases arousal and then strengthens dominant response (if easy then enhance if difficult then impair)Social facilitation=home team advantageAlternative Explanations for Social FacilitationThe Evaluation-Apprehension Explanation—argues that arousal is only created when others are evaluatingThe Distraction-Conflict Explanation—argues that others, as well as nonsocial stimuli, are distracting, which causes the arousal (someone else taping pen while trying to take test. Do better if you knew the material but worse if not)Social loafing—when you are with others but merge into the group, you should become more relaxed (social loafing.) As a result, you will not be as productive, particularly on simple tasksRingelmann’s study of men pulling ropeLatane’s study of 6 shouting blindfolded college studentsExplanation for Social Loafing- Relaxation—no arousal that provides energy- Diffusion of responsibility Not everyone loafs to the same degreeFactors associated with decreased likelihood of social loafing:- Being female- Being from a collectivistic culture- The outcome is personally important- Belief that one’s contribution matters- The group is small and cohesiveUnifying Facilitation and LoafingYou need to know 2 things to predict whether the presence of others will help or hinder your performance:Will your individual efforts be evaluated?Is the task simple or complex?Deindividuation and loss of individual identityBeing in a crowd (a collective, nonsocial group) can also cause deindividuation—the loosening of normal constraints on behavior, leading to an increase in impulsive and deviant actsPossible Explanations of DeindividuationAccountability cues: feeling less accountable for one’s actionsAttentional cues: diminished self-awareness (and thus less attention on internal situations)Conformity to group norms specific to the situation (social identity increases, which in some cases could increase conformity)Definitions of GroupGroup: collection of 2 or more people who interact with each other and are interdependent, in the sensethat their needs and goals cause them to rely on each otherWhy do people join groups?- An innate need, arising from evolutionary pressures to increase survival and reproduction- To accomplish things that can’t be done alone- To acquire the social status and identity, and self-esteem- To be around people we like- To acquire important information to reduce ambiguity about the social