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ISU PSY 223 - Exam 3 Study Guide
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Psy 223 1st Edition Exam #3 Study GuideStereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination 1. Define and distinguish among: stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination. Provide an example of each. What are metastereotypes?Stereotypes: a generalization about a group of people; a belief that associates a group of people with certain traits ex. Whites are racist.Stereotypes are on the cognitive level—making a judgment about someone Stereotypes can lead to prejudicePrejudice: a hostile or negative attitude towards a group of people, based on their membership in that group ex. Stereotypes and prejudice lead to discriminationDiscrimination: unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or its members ex. sexism2. What does it mean to be stigmatized and what are the outcomes of being stigmatized? Distinguish between visible versus concealable stigma and between controllable versus noncontrollable stigma. Stigmatization: being persistently stereotyped, perceived as deviant, and devalued in society because membership of in a particular social group or because of a particular characteristicAnyone can be a target of stigmatization, but some are relentless targets and negative stereotypes and prejudice which can result in feeling devalued by societyVisible stigma=mental disorder like Downs SyndromeConcealable stigma=being a felon—something people don’t know just by looking at you3. Describe how stereotypes are developed due to social categorization and in-group vs. out-group attitudes. As part of your answer, also explain out-group homogeneity effect and in-group favoritism. How would a person with a high social dominance orientation distinguish between in-groups vs. out-groups relative to those with a low social dominance orientation? Also discuss how culture affects views of the distinction between in-groups and out-groups.1Stereotypes due to social categorization: sorting people into groups based on common attributes)In-group bias: you prefer your own group Out-group homogeneity effect: you see differences amongst group members of your own group but think out-group members are all the same (ex. not many people see distinctions in different Asians but Asians usually know)Social dominance orientation: someone is more likely to see their own in-groups as dominant and promote self-interest (adopt cultural values that facilitate oppression over other groups)4. Continuing on the topic of social categories and intergroup conflict, Terror Management theory makes what prediction concerning conditions under which ingroup biases and out-group stereotyping may occur?Terror management theory and in-groups: favoring in-groups over out-groups is way people preserve their cultural worldviews and attain a kind of immorality5. How do stereotypes influence perceptions of members of stereotyped groups and memory for information about stereotyped groups? In addition, how do stereotypes affect interactions (such as between people of different races)?People are likely to see members of stereotyped groups as more similar to the stereotype than they actually are (ignore compassion from a man when you think men are aggressive)People remember facts that are more consistent with their stereotypes than those fact that are not (football player liking classical music easily forgotten)Stereotypes can make interactions awkward because you may think that someone has a stereotype against you and that they perceive you in a certain way (when they really don’t) so it makes interaction awkward6. What is the distinction between automatic and controlled processes in stereotyping (e.g., Devine)? What factors lead to greater control of stereotyping and prejudice? Discuss findings related to intoxication, high-glucose drinks, having cognitive resources, and the self-regulation of prejudiced responses model.Devine distinguished between the two (automatic and controlled processing) by doing test with white participants and subliminal messages and then reported the stereotypical responses about African Americans.2Automatic processing: almost automatically, stereotypes are triggered by the presence ofa stimulus—more exposure comes greater likelihood of automatic activationControlled processing: with awareness and control, you can choose to ignore thestereotype7. Several mechanisms are discussed in text and class as explaining why stereotypes are maintained even when people are presented with stereotype-inconsistent information. Define each and give an example: illusory correlations; attributions; subtyping or explaining away exceptions; confirmation biases and self-fulfilling prophecies.How stereotypes are maintained:Illusory correlations: an overestimate of the association between variables that are only slightly or not at all correlated—distinctiveness of a minority group member gets connected with a distinctive behavior that really doesn’t relate (couple getting pregnant right after adoption)Attributions: when a person engages in a behavior and you ask why they did itSubtyping: when people encounter “exceptions” to stereotypes, they may create a new subtype for this exception (athletic grandma is an exception because old people are weak)Confirmation bias: people interpret and seek information about a person in a stereotyped group that confirms their stereotype. Leads to self-fulfilling prophecySelf-fulfilling prophecy: perceiver’s false expectations about a person cause the person to behave in ways that confirm those expectations (interviewer acted more awkward with black interviewee which in turn made them act more awkward and have a poor interview,but it was really the interviewer’s fault)8. According to the stereotype content model, group stereotypes vary along two dimensions: warmth and competence. Stereotypes about the competence of a group and the warmth ofa group are affected by different factors. Explain.Stereotype content model: a model proposing that the relative status and competition between groups influence group stereotypes along the dimensions of competence and warmth. Stereotypes about the competence of a group is influenced by the relative status of the group in society (higher status=higher competence)Stereotypes about the warmth of a group is influenced by competition (more competitive than lower warmth) 9. Describe the Robbers Cave experiment, and explain how it illustrates the Realistic Conflict Theory. How did the


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ISU PSY 223 - Exam 3 Study Guide

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