PSY 223 1nd Edition Lecture 14 Outline of Last Lecture I Stereotypes a Development b Influence on perceptions c Influence on interactions II Stigmatization III How stereotypes endure Outline of Current Lecture IV Stereotypes a Implicit Attitudes b How to overcome stereotypes V Prejudice a Causes b How can it be reduced i Examples VI Discrimination a Sexism b Racism Current Lecture 10 15 2 step process in the activation of stereotypes 1 Automatic processing almost automatically stereotypes are triggered by the presence of a stimulus 2 Controlled processing with awareness and control you can choose to ignore the stereotype The Automatic Implicit Attitudes Implicit Association Tests Priming Tests Example tap finger when see female name weak word and other finger with male name strong word Then do the opposite female and strong word have same finger and it is harder for people to do this need to concentrate and take more effort How to overcome stereotypes Amount of personal information These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute Cognitive ability Motivation level to form an accurate impression Prejudice A hostile or negative attitude toward a group of people based on their membership in that group feeling What causes prejudice Stereotypes can lead to prejudice Social learning theory socialization we all grew up in family and community that influenced us and could shape how we view others Realistic Conflict theory prejudices arise from competition for limited resources Study 11 year old boys in summer camp 2 weeks had 2 different groups didn t know about the other group at first then 2nd week of camp had groups compete where there would be only one winner and they started picking on each other throw food in cafeteria Then tried to reduce competition Social Identity Theory prejudice arises because we favor in groups over out groups to enhance our selfesteem How can prejudice be reduced Gordon Allport 1954 in The Nature of Prejudice proposed the contact hypothesis Contact hypothesis prejudice can be reduced by equal status contact between majority and minority groups Also necessary The groups must engage in cooperative activities have mutual interdependence to achieve superordinate goals Social norms must promote equality Examples of Reducing Prejudice The Robbers Cave Study Sherif et al 1961 boys at summer camp put in superordinate goals had food truck break down and both groups of boys needed to work together to get food truck up to camp ground then they started getting along The Jigsaw Classroom Aronson et al 1978 put in classroom that formed groups that had participants of different ethnic backgrounds if gender issues put males and females then each child had 1 portion of the information needed everyone had different information then they had to work together to succeed on the test Discrimination Stereotypes and prejudice lead to discrimination Discrimination unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or its members Is there sexism today Sexism has decreased in the past few decades However it still exists in some forms In addition gender stereotypes persist Men and women may differ in some ways but people exaggerate these differences Gender stereotypes ensued because of illusory correlations biased attributions confirmation biases and self fulfilling prophecies There can be ambivalent sexism positive benevolent stereotypes that exists side by side with more hostile stereotypes Gender Stereotypes Affected by socio cultural factors Media images and popular culture Social Role Theory Eagly Perception of sex differences are magnified by the different social roles occupied by men and women Is there racism today Obvious and blatant racial stereotyping prejudice and discrimination have decreased in the past few decades More subtle racism Modern racism a form of racism that surfaces in subtle ways when it is safe socially acceptable and easy to rationalize Implicit racism racism that operates unconsciously and unintentionally Implicit Association Test White people took longer to identify pleasant words i e peace as good when associated with Black rather than White faces