Soci 304 1nd Edition Lecture 11Outline of Last Lecture I. Labeling TheoryOutline of Current Lecture II. Labeling TheoriesIII. Lemert: primary/ Secondary devianceIV. Becker: typology, Deviant careerV. Strengths. LimitationsVI. Policy ImplicationsVII. Reintergrative shamingVIII.Gender and reflective appraisalsCurrent LectureLabeling Theory- 1960- 1970s: highly influential theory. The conflict between crime and deviance. Who has the power to label others. - Social meaning of deviance: there is a social construction element to label objects and people. It’s made in our interaction. Not all members of society have equal power to label. Those without power are labeled. - Emphasis is on societal reaction to deviance- Focus is on the informal and formal application of stigmatization decant labels or tags by society on some of its members. Seeing someone at promise of at risk= informal label. Formal label= getin trouble first. Stigma is the sign of distress. It’s a way of spoiling someone’s real identity. It also disqualifies a person to be accepted by society- Two Foci: attempts to explain why certain behavior is socially defined as wrong and certain persons are selected for stigmatization (powerful imposes on powerless). o Then hypothesizes that discrediting labels cause the continuation of criminal or delinquent behavior. People become what you except them to be.- Draws on Symbolic Interactionism: Exchange of meanings in our daily interaction. If we see something threatening, then it becomes threateningThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Looking glass self: we see ourselves as we perceive as other people to see us.- Self- fulfilling prophecy: Merton: living up to the labels a person gets. - Those who are labels or stigmatized promotes deviance. Deviance is socially constructedLemert- Primary deviance: individual’s behavior. Deviance is common place. In response to primary deviance, others react or don’t react. Applied to some groups and not others. This is the real concern of primary deviance- Societal response- Secondary deviance: further deviant behavior that is more organized and coherent. Reaction to the label. Not equally applied in society. - Sequence of interaction: Primary deviance -> penalties -> further deviant behavior Becker- Typology; types of deviant behavior -Obedient behavior Rule breaking behavior Perceived as deviantFalsely accused Pure deviantNot perceived as deviantConforming Secret deviant- Strengths: draw attention to role of formal and informal social control on behavioro Some evidence supports deviance amplification, where labeling leads to further crime and deviance. - Limitations: theory disregards actual behavior of the deviant, the label doesn’t create the deviance in the first placeo Other factors produce the initiation of deviance and may affect whether deviance continueso Labeling theory ignores these other variables. Policy Implications- Diversion Programs: If we can keep people from being formal processed instead of punished, that could minimize deviance. Doing service, counseling- Premise from labeling theory is that formal social control makes crime problem worse- Better would be to minimize official processing of offenders when possible.Braithwaite- When is a criminal label likely to produce a criminal self-concept and when might it have the opposite effect? - Shaming= social disapproval- Disintegrative shaming or stigmatization- Re-integrative shaming: recognize the wrong doing, but helping people come back from the wrong doing. If we do re-integrative shaming it helps people not continue deviant behavior- Restorative justice: focuses on re-integrative shaming. By community service and helping people accept responsibility.Bartusch and Matseuda- Other micro- level mechanisms involved in gender gap beyond control processes, need to explore role socialization, labeling and self- conception. - Labeling theory tends to focus on the negative consequences of labeling an individual as delinquent- Community reacts to primary deviance in a way to label youth bad or delinquent- Labels aren’t randomly distributed- Reflected appraisal: how you think other people see you- Female self- concept is influenced by how she perceives others view her. More sensitive to reflected appraisals. - Male self- concept is more autonomous of appraisal by others. - These gender differences may affect the relationship between self (reflected appraisal) and