Soci 304 1nd Edition Lecture 9Outline of Last Lecture I. Social Learning TheoriesOutline of Current Lecture II. Neutralization theory Sykes and MatzaIII. Control Theories: Matza- drift, social control theories (Hirschi) , self-control Theories (Gottfredson and Hirschi)IV. Policy Implication Current LectureNeutralization theory - Sykes and Matza- Guilt and Shame: the key assumption of theory. If you do something bad you will feel guilt and shame. To counter these feelings to neutralization guilt and shame, so you can continue with breaking laws.- 5 Techniques of Neutralization1. Denial of responsibility: Decide they aren’t responsible for their behavior. Their behavior is beyond their control. 2. Denial of Injury: No one will be seriously hurt by their actions. 3. Denial of victim: The target is deserving of the harm4. Condemnation of condemners: Questioning the condemner. Asking if someone else can do it, why can’t they? 5. Appeal of higher loyalties: the individual is reasoning that the individual is doing the deviant activity to help. The problem with neutralization: Do the behavior first and then rationalize. Question of timing. - Employee Theft:o Pilferage: when you take tools that belong to the work placeo Embezzlement: the theft of cash. Misusing funds that were entrusted to a person. These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Dabney’s research on theft of supplies and medicines by hospital nurses: theft of drugs and supplies: incoming nurses know that it’s not okay to steal from hospital. People learn the rationalization from the workplace. - Links neutralization theory with differential association theory/ social learning theory: Learning processes involved in learning deviance. - Learn rationalizations form the work group to excuse deviant behavioro Sample: 25 nurses: noticed that many of them believed that it was a fringe benefit.1. Theft of general supplies a “fringe benefit” that went along with the job. 2. Over the counter medicines: acceptable to take. Such as taking an aspirin for a headache.3. Theft of non-narcotic medicines: misappropriation of excess as acceptable. Such as taking a Band-Aid. The patient is not being harmed4. Narcotic medicines: not approved as a form of theft. Everyone thought narcotic medicines was not approved to steal. They report anyone who steals these. - Convicted rapist vocabulary of Motives: Scully and Marolla- Rape as a learned behavioro Convicted rapist heave learned attitudes and actions consistent with sexual aggression against women. o Learning includes the acquisition of culturally derived vocabularies of motive Used to diminish responsibility Negotiate a nondeviant identity- Excuses: admit the act was bad or inappropriate, but deny full responsibility, appeals to accidents, biological drive or scapegoating- Justifications: accept responsibility for the act but deny that it was wrong (in this situation the act was appropriate)- Sample: 114 convicted incarcerated rapist- Admitters: acknowledged faced sexual relations on victims: gave excuses- Deniers: didn’t see behavior as rape: gave justificationso Justifications:1. Women are seductresses2. Women mean yes when they say no3. Most women eventually relax and enjoy it4. Nice girls don’t get raped5. Only a minor wrongdoingo Excuses: trying to retain their integrity1. Use of alcohol and drugs2. Emotional problems3. Nice guy image: see themselves as still a nice person. Trying to retain their sense of self rather than the act.Control Theory:- Matza: concept of drift: the state of limbo in which youths move in and out of delinquency and in their lifestyles can embrace both conventional and deviant values. Things that bind them to society are weakened and that allows them to drift. But they can become attached back. Society holds people back from committing crimes - Neutralization- Control theories: what keeps people from committing crime? Everyone can commit crime, but society helps us not commit crime. Everyone is the same, but some people have strong social bonds- Travis Hirschi Causes of Delinquency:o Social Bonding Theory: when your social bond is weakened or broken that when you are at risko Delinquent acts result when an individual’s bond to society is weak or broken- Elements of Social Bonds:1. Attachment: close affectional ties to others (peers, parents, school) most important elements supported. The more sensitive we are to what other people think, the strong our social bond. 2. Commitment: investment in conventional lines of action. Strake in conformity: education and vocational aspirations and expectations supported. 3. Involvement: preoccupation with activities that promote the interests of society. Conventional activities. Least important. 4. Belief: endorsement of conventional values and norms. The more you think you should obey the rules, the more you will obey them. - Strengths: it’s very easy to test measure these kinds of bonds. A lot of empirical support- Limitation: It doesn’t say who you is best to be attached to. Usually is tested in school settings, so behaviors may not be serious.Self- control Theory- A general Theory of Crime Gottfredson and Hirschi: It all comes down to individual self-control. Every crime and deviance is based on self-control- Attempts to explain all types of crime and delinquency- Low-self-control: the differential tendency of people to avoid criminal acts. - Child-rearing up to age 8: Self-control is established by age 8. It is going to be stable for the rest of your life. - Strength: single concept- Limitations: o Tautology: needless repetition of an idea true by virtue of its logical formo INVOLVES CIRCULAR REASONING: the logic isn’t very clear.o Generality: Policy implication: - Social control/ bonding theory: to be bonded to societySelf- control theory: People in prison are beyond hope because social control is fixed at age 8. It’s better to teach children self-control than to fix the