Soci 304 1nd EditionExam # 4 Study Guide Lectures: 17-19A Hard straight VideoTopic: Prisoner re-entry during mass incarceration and its challenges: begins final unit of course on mass incarcerationVideo: “A hard straight: A documentary about doing time on the outside.” By Toshima- Parole: the early release of a prisoner whose term of incarceration has not yet expired on the condition of good behavior - Parole violation: the breach of a condition of parole- including contact with police under any circumstance- which may result in a return to prison- In California over 50% of parolees return in prison within 3 months of their release 3 case studies: what happens in each of the lives of the following and how does each end up at the end of the documentary?1. Richard “Smiley” Martineza. 32yrs, spend 7 yrs for kidnap/robberyb. Rules of his parole:i. No more than 25 miles away from countyii. Curfew between 8pm and 6 am, must be in residenceiii. Cant associate with gang membersiv. Can’t wear/display gang insignia or colorsv. Can’t use fictitious names c. Received a job working on carsd. Has gone through 4-5 jobs after his releasee. 4 months after release: got back with his girlfriend and moved in with a friendf. His son died at age 7 while he was in prison g. After 5 months him and his girlfriend are having a childh. Got a steady job as a tattoo artist i. Him and girlfriend moved out of friends apartment after 7 months of releasej. They were stuck on the street with nowhere to gok. Ended up going back to prison for assault2. Regina Allena. 44yrs, prison 2 times: forgery and receiving stolen propertyi. Conditions of parole:ii. Drug tests and no alcohol iii. Has a history of substance abuse problemsb. Bought alcohol while she was at the paradec. Began to receive counseling for her drinkingd. Her husband passed 3 months after releasee. 7 months after release she tests positive for methf. Stayed clean and did not go back to prison 3. Aaron Shepharda. 39 yrs, in for conspiracy to a robbery and 4 years on parole violationsi. Given $200 upon releaseii. Needs to keep parole officer informed of phone and address changesiii. Needs to avoid contact with the police to avoid parole violation but this is a problem given the level of illegal activities in area he is released to “Tenderloin area”b. Disappeared and stopped meeting with his parole officer. Got arrested again and was given 12 months for violating his parolec. One week after his release again, he was sent to prison again for being by a drug bust. Sent for 12 months againd. Due to violations, he spend 8 years in prisonMass Imprisonment- Garland 2001- Institution emerged in USA since 1970s- Main trend: increase since 1970s in imprisonment rates to present- 2 defining features:o Sheer numbers: involves a size of prison population that stand out historical. The U.S prison rates have stood out.o Social concentration of imprisonment’s effects: prison rates are disproportionally in different racial groups. Young black males are more incarcerated. In the late 1990’s crimestarted to decrease but incarceration continued to increase.Maucer Policy changes and Incarceration - Sentencing policy: from indeterminate to determinate structures. - Tough on crime movement: - Politicization of crime- American culture of individualism- Growing conservative political climate- Why growing in incarceration?o Increasing offending and sanctionsPage 2014- Why is punishment purple?o People are working toward meaningful ways to reenter prisoners back in societyConsequences of mass Imprisonment for individuals, families and Communities- Individual consequences- Theoretical Perspectives on family Consequences- Community Consequences: Coercive Mobility thesisIndividual Consequences - Visible punishment: serve time in prison- Invisible punishment: diminution of rights/ privileges o The rights and responsibilities they have before they went to prison and then the diminished rights when they get released. The invisible consequenceso EX: allowing the termination of parental rights, restricting the right to hold public office- Occupational bars- Welfare: bar individuals with drug related felony convictions- Denied access to public housing- Higher education Act of 1998: student loan- Voting- Termination of parental rights: 1997 Adoption and safe Families ActMark of a Criminal record: Pager- Era of Prisoner Re-entryo Paroleo Employment in desistance process- Criminal Record- Credentialing: normally positive. Going to prison creates a negative credentials- Field Experiment - Research Q: Given two equally qualified job applicants, how does a criminal record affect the chances of being selected by an employer?- In-person audit study: the only thing different between participant is the criminal record- Call backs after a job application- Details:o Sent matched pairs of individuals to apply for real job openingso Goal is to see if employers respond differently to applicants on the basis of selected characteristics o Team of white testers and team of black testerso Findings: having a criminal record decreased change of call back. Call back is only 17% Having no record you have 34% to get a call back in the white group Black group: with no criminal record 17% call back. With a criminal record 5% call back.o Also showed there is a racial discriminationo Given that the testers presented identical qualifications, the differences between testers can be attributed to the effects of criminal status. o There was a larger and significant effect of a criminal record. 34% of whites without criminal records received callbacks, while 17% of whites with a criminal record received a callbacko Among the black testers, 14% of those without a criminal conviction received a callback while 5% of those with a criminal record received a callback.o Black testers without a criminal record 14% are likely as whites with a criminal record to receive a call back. Racial disparity in callbacks from employersFamily Consequences - Secondary prisonization- Research at San Quentin State prison- Interviews with 50 women with incarcerated partners- Women have status of quasi-inmates in penal setting- Living in the long shadow of the prison- Children pay a price for the parents in prison- When females are in prison, children either go to other family members or foster.- There is a gender difference of where children go if parents are in prisonTheoretical Perspectives on Parental Incarceration