Socio 304 1nd Edition Lecture 8Outline of Last Lecture I. Strain TheoryOutline of Current Lecture II. Early Bio approachesIII. Learning and CrimeIV. Learning ProcessesV. Learning in CriminologyVI. Sutherland’s differential AssociationVII. Comments on Sutherland’s TheoryCurrent LectureEarly Biological Approaches in Crime: - Phrenology: the shape of the human skull was indicative of the personality and could be used to predict criminality. If you had certain bumps on your head it could predict whether you will have criminal behavior. - Cesare Lombroso: Atavism: throwback to a more primitive biological state. Most people have moved forward in the evolutional scale, but criminals have not. Criminals were set apart from normal people, they were accidents. He concluded that the prisoners looked like primitive men. This was a false conclusion because the results were small for soldiers vs. prisoner’s characteristics. Lots of flaws in his work. This gives us the context how people thought about criminals. - Constitutional Theories: body types and crime (Sheldon). If you look at people in society you canfit them in these categories. Seeks criminality by reference to body type. o Endomorph: soft and round. Relaxed and socialo Ectomorph: thin, long and slender. They are restrained and prohibited.o Mesomorph: athletic and muscular. Thought to be associated with delinquency. o Balanced: average buildLearning and Crime:These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Learning theories that focus on the role of learning in the generation of criminal behavior. - Includes the ideas and behaviors that can be learned and support and encourage law violation.Learning Processes:- Learning refers to habits and knowledge that develops as a result of experiences of the individual in entering and adjusting to the environment. All knowledge is through experience.- We learn by association. The associations through our experiences leads to more complex ideas. We use the law of similarity, contrast, succession and crime. There’s were the building blocks of learning through association. As said by Aristotle.- 3 Basic ways that individuals learn through association:1. Classical Conditioning: respond to a stimuli that is paired with an unconditioned stimuli and then makes it a conditioned stimuli because you learn that the stimuli and the unconditioned are paired. 2. Operant Conditioning: Reward and Punishment. By Skinner. Rewards and punishments reinforce certain behaviors. 3. Behaviorist School: expectations. The idea that behavior can be reinforced by broader expectations that is learned by what happens to other people. Albert Bandura. Learning through observation and experience. Learning in Criminology: - Tarde: focus on learning: Crime was a learned behavior. Criminals are actually normal people, but they have been exposed to certain situations that promotes to learning these criminal behaviors- Sutherland: father of learning and white collar crime. Principles of Criminology (1939)o Nine Theoretical Propositions comprise “ Differential Association Theory”:1. Criminal behavior, like other behavior is learned, not inherited: We use our experiences by committing crime or not committing crime. 2. Criminal behavior is learned in interaction with others in a process of communication3. The principle learning of criminal behavior occurs within intimate personal groups:Close peer groups and family has a lot of influence. 4. When criminal behavior is learned, the learning includes: a. Techniques of committing the crime, which are sometimes very complicated,sometimes very simple. b. The specific direction of motives, drives and attitudes.5. The specific direction of motives and drives is learned from definitions of the legal codes as favorable and unfavorable. We learn whether laws are worthy to follow and we learning these attitudes from our intimate relationships. 6. A person becomes delinquent because of an excess of definitions favorable to violations of law over definitions unfavorable to violation of law **** Basic principle. Learned more definitions that it is favorable to violate the law than it is to follow the law. Once, again learn this through relationships7. Differential associations may vary in frequency, duration, priority and intensity. 8. The process of learning criminal behavior by association with criminal and anti- criminal patterns involves all of the mechanism that are involved in any other learning. 9. While criminal behavior is an expression of general needs and values, it’s not explained by those general needs and values, because non- criminal behavior is an expression of the same needs and values. Motives alone are not the most important reason for criminal behavior. The desire for money may make people want to steal but others it makes people want to work hard in school etc…Comments on Sutherland’s theory- Research tends to focus on delinquency. Also, shop lifting, drug use. Research suggest that this theory is supportive. But one important point is that our friends influence our behavior.- Do birds of a feather flock together? Do your friends influence you or do you influence your friends? It’s a combination of both. Delinquent friends do matter. People have found support of the social learning theory over time- Sutherland’s theory was responsible for the view that crime is the result of environmental influences acting on “normal” individuals- Speaking against theories at the time that suggested criminal behavior is due to biological abnormalities. - Sutherland’s Legacy: criminal behavior is a normal learned