Soci 304 1nd Edition Lecture 18 Outline of Last Lecture I. VideoOutline of Current Lecture II. Individual consequencesIII. Theoretical Perspectives on family consequencesIV. Community Consequences: Coercive Mobility ThesisCurrent LectureMass Imprisonment- Garland 2001- Institution emerged in USA since 1970s- Main trend: increase since 1970s in imprisonment rates to present- 2 defining features:o Sheer numbers: involves a size of prison population that stand out historical. The U.S prison rates have stood out.o Social concentration of imprisonment’s effects: prison rates are disproportionally in different racial groups. Young black males are more incarcerated. In the late 1990’s crimestarted to decrease but incarceration continued to increase.Maucer Policy changes and Incarceration - Sentencing policy: from indeterminate to determinate structures. - Tough on crime movement: - Politicization of crime- American culture of individualism- Growing conservative political climate- Why growing in incarceration?o Increasing offending and sanctionsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Page 2014- Why is punishment purple?o People are working toward meaningful ways to reenter prisoners back in societyConsequences of mass Imprisonment for individuals, families and Communities- Individual consequences- Theoretical Perspectives on family Consequences- Community Consequences: Coercive Mobility thesisIndividual Consequences - Visible punishment: serve time in prison- Invisible punishment: diminution of rights/ privileges o The rights and responsibilities they have before they went to prison and then the diminished rights when they get released. The invisible consequenceso EX: allowing the termination of parental rights, restricting the right to hold public office- Occupational bars- Welfare: bar individuals with drug related felony convictions- Denied access to public housing- Higher education Act of 1998: student loan- Voting- Termination of parental rights: 1997 Adoption and safe Families ActMark of a Criminal record: Pager- Era of Prisoner Re-entryo Paroleo Employment in desistance process- Criminal Record- Credentialing: normally positive. Going to prison creates a negative credentials- Field Experiment - Research Q: Given two equally qualified job applicants, how does a criminal record affect the chances of being selected by an employer?- In-person audit study: the only thing different between participant is the criminal record- Call backs after a job application- Details:o Sent matched pairs of individuals to apply for real job openingso Goal is to see if employers respond differently to applicants on the basis of selected characteristics o Team of white testers and team of black testerso Findings: having a criminal record decreased change of call back. Call back is only 17% Having no record you have 34% to get a call back in the white group Black group: with no criminal record 17% call back. With a criminal record 5% call back.o Also showed there is a racial discriminationo Given that the testers presented identical qualifications, the differences between testers can be attributed to the effects of criminal status. o There was a larger and significant effect of a criminal record. 34% of whites without criminal records received callbacks, while 17% of whites with a criminal record received a callbacko Among the black testers, 14% of those without a criminal conviction received a callback while 5% of those with a criminal record received a callback. o Black testers without a criminal record 14% are likely as whites with a criminal record to receive a call back. Racial disparity in callbacks from employersFamily Consequences - Secondary prisonization- Research at San Quentin State prison- Interviews with 50 women with incarcerated partners- Women have status of quasi-inmates in penal setting- Living in the long shadow of the prison- Children pay a price for the parents in prison- When females are in prison, children either go to other family members or foster.- There is a gender difference of where children go if parents are in prisonTheoretical Perspectives on Parental Incarceration Effects- Stress relief: imprisonment is a source of relief from difficulties associated with the removal parent (abuse, negligence, and drain on family resources). If so, incarceration should benefit children- Three other perspectives that consider incarcerated parents may have a played a valuable role inthe family: if so incarceration may be detrimental to children. - Stain perspectives:o Assuming parent was contributing to the family, his/ her imprisonment may result in ecodeprivation and resulting strains that affect childreno May be the case with resident and non-resident parents- Socialization perspectives:o Again assumes imprisoned parent was making contributions to the familyo Decreases resources for child socialization (parental supervision, role models, social control, social support)- Stigmatization perspectiveo The family has a stigma because of the parent- Further theoretical perspective: “Cumulative Disadvantage” from the life course perspectiveo Prisoner’s families confront all of these problems simultaneously including emotional loss, stigma, depleted economic resources, added strains; cumulative impactConcentration of Mass Imprisonment- Consider date from Houston: a Portrait of Prisoner Reentry in TX- Trends in TX mirror those discussed on a national level- Over half of TX prisoners released in 2001 returned to 5 Texas’ 254 countries- Harris County received 24%- Within Houston, releasers are most heavily concentrated in 5 of the city’s 185 zip codes, high poverty and crime characterize these area- 5 areas: Alief, E Houston, Third Ward, Karhmere, Little YorkCoercive Mobility Thesis- Incarceration can act as a king of coercive mobility which destabilizes neighborhoods by increasing levels of disorganizationo Removal of persons to prisono Release of persons from prison to communitieso In high incarceration neighborhoods, these processes of incarceration and reentry createan environment that is in fluxo Thus, coercive mobility decreases residential stability o IN these communities imprisonment produces high rates of residential mobility and disrupts social networks and diminishes community stabilityo Isolation- Human Capital: education, job skills- Social