Soci 304 1nd Edition Lecture 14 Outline of Last Lecture I. Hate CrimeOutline of Current Lecture II. Public order crimesIII. Types of crimesIV. Approaches of legalizationV. Street workers vs indoor sex workVI. Legalization debateCurrent LecturePublic Order Crimes1. Public Order Crimesa. Category of crimes also called consensual crimes, vice crimes, public-order, and victimless crimesi. Consensual -- person taking part in crime is exercising choice (controversial/opinionated view)b. "Morality" vs. "Protection of Society"i. Some people believe we shouldn’t police these crimes because they simply conflict with morals1. They think state shouldn't be in charge of policing moralsii. Others say they should be policed because they are connected to other crimes1. These crimes are harmful to society as a wholeb. Ex.) Prostitutioni. Laws enforced more heavily on prostitutes than on those seeking servicesii. Concern: creates inequality by penalizing the prostitute more These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.iii. However, policing them protects families of the prostitutes/those hiring the prostituteb. Do the laws against consensual crimes do more harm than good? Because consensual crimes are illegal…i. Influence political/official corruptionii. Lead consensual offenders to commit other types of crimeiii. Generate public disrespect for the lawiv. Divert time, energy, money from more serious crimesv. Provide revenue for organized crime (tax money)2. Types of Public Order Crimesa. Drug Usei. Drug use is common in contemporary USAii. Drug is something that physiologically affects our behavior -- mood, emotions, perception, mental state, etc.iii. Legal drug use1. Alcohol, caffeine, OTC drugs2. Prevalence:a. High school seniors: 66% used alcohol in past yearb. 82% of college students have drunk alcohol in past year, 44% report binge drinking in past 2 weeksii. Illegal drug use 1. Cocaine, crack, heroin, marijuana, etc.2. Prevalence:a. 45% of persons age 12+ have used an illegal drug at least once in their lifetime (SAMSA, 2007)b. Ages 18-25 is peak period for drug use in societyi. 59% of this age group report using illegal drugii. 52% report marijuana use2. Most common illegal drug: marijuana3. Drug use is lower now than in was in 70s-80s4. Explaining Drug Usea. Economic deprivation & drug abusei. Connection: deprivation creates despair; drug use could be an adaptation to the stressb. Excitementi. Usually kids with access to more money are more involved with drugs2. Drug Selling (Borgois)a. In Search of Respect: Selling Crack in El Barrio (1995)b. Lure of crack dealingi. People think selling drugs will bring you lots of money quicklyb. In reality, people only bring in $7-8 per hour, with some exceptional nightsc. Poor working conditions -- dangerous, bug infestations, violenced. See dignity as possible that is not attainable in conventional low wage worki. Don’t get respect in entry level positions in legal jobsii. Dignity is possible for entry level illegal work2. Drugs and Crime Connectiona. Do drugs "cause" crime??i. Strong correlation between illegal drug use and other types of crimeii. There are some cases of drug use where it is just experimental, and not related to other crimesiii. Some young adults engage in delinquency first, then use drug use after thativ. Gateway hypothesis: begin experimenting in drug use and alcohol consumption, then proceed to path of crime and devianceii. Legalization Debate1. Approaches to legalizationa. Alcohol modelb. Laissez-faire model -- should be no criminalization of any drugsc. Decriminalize certain drugs2. Legal/Illegal Drugsa. Both have consequencesb. Some say if we make things legal, then we encourage use of it2. Do drugs do more harm than good?a. Alcohol prohibition -- 1920s -- ban of alcohol manufacture and salei. Bootlegging existed - still demand for product -- former law-abiding citizens became law-breakersii. Banning the substance won't stop people from using itiii. Led to growth in organized crimeb. Enforcing drug laws has social side effectsi. Driving something that was legal underground, which causes more problemssuch as organized crime, etc.b. Marijuana decriminalizationi. Ex.) Netherlands-If you remove penalties on very small quantities of possession, it doesn’t spur a huge increase in usage-If over 18, you can buy up to 5g marijuana from coffee shops-Usage rates increased very modestly over a decade2. Pro-legalization: Drug laws…a. Create crime and problems they are intended to stopb. Cost money to enforcec. Fill prisonsd. Create disrespect for law (because people willingly choose to break law to do drugs)e. Promote organized crimef. Create opportunities for official corruptiong. Tax -- money could be going toward things that benefit society if drugs were taxedh. Civil liberties2. Anti-legalization: a. Drug laws reduce the use of illegal drugs2. What about harm-reduction policies? (Goode, 2004)a. Public health approachb. Drug users are people that need assistance, and we need to find out what kind of programs we can put in place to reduce harmi. Ex.) give drug users sterile needles to prevent spread of AIDSb. Legalization of hard drugs could never be possible and would harm societyc. However, harm-reduction approach is possible and could benefit societyb. Prostitution (Weitzer, 2009)i. Streetwalkers have highest risk for violence, exploitation by third party/boss/pimpii. Call girls/escorts have lower expolitation, violence, and impact on communityiii. Entering prostitution (Chesney-Lind)1. People running away from home; they don't have many other options --> engage in sex for survival2. Histories of abuse3. From teenage involvement to major rolea. Go from just meeting needs to making it a career2. Determine self-worth by sexual valueii. Pathways into Prostitution1. Street prostitutes: runaways2. Some recruited by pimps3. Some drift into it4. Some work in other branches of sex industry (strip clubs) and later experiment with prostitutionii. Streetworkers vs. Indoor Sex Work1. Samples comparing groups find differences in victimization rates: proportions higher among streetworkers.2. Streetworkers a. Face more risk for violenceb. stLow job satisfactionc. Make less money per session2. Off-street workersa. Not risk-freeb. Are in setting that is safer than streetc. Higher job satisfactiond. Sometimes establish