Socio 304 1nd EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 7 - 12Strain Theories:- Concept of Anomie, Durkheim: Anomie: the normlessness. The breakdown of social groups. When we aren’t sure how we are supposed to behave that is when crime rises. As an individual becomes less connected with society they are more likely to commit suicide. Merton: Anomie: societal mal-integration when there is a disassociation btw valued cultural ends and legitimate societal means to meet those ends.- Merton’s typology of five adaptations to cultural goals and institutionalized means+= You accept goal. - = you reject goals. Conformity is the most common response.  Innovation: You don’t have the means to achieve the goal, this is where crime begins. Those that don’t have the means will resolve this by engaging in crime and deviance. **** Ritualism: Reject goal but keep the means Retreatism: Reject goal and means. This is where we see drugs in society Rebellion: Reject conventional goals and substitute new goals. Not goals that conform to society- Status frustration: There is not an emphasis on monetary goals but on status. Locked goals are problematic. Delinquent subculture as response to status frustration. They developed status from their peers by acting out in delinquent ways. Non- utilitarian responses lead to approval from peers (status).- Crime and the American dream: Messner and Rosenfeld: An American Dream: a commitment to the goals of material success to be pursued by everyone in society, under conditions of open American competition. Open to individual achievement. The idea that we all achieve to own a car, house, education. We all know what the American dream. Crime results from a lack of fit between culture and social structure, an overemphasis on goals of monetary success (culture) with less emphasis on approved means (social structure).- General Strain Theory (Agnew)o Role of stressors and strainso Why do people engage in crime?Culture goals Institutionalized meansConformity + +Innovation + -Ritualism - +Retreatism - -Rebellion +/- +/- Crime and delinquency are adaptations to stress that we face in that environment, whatever the source of that stress. Not everyone will respond to stress this way.  Key premise: people engage in crime because they experience stressors or stains.  People become upset, experiencing a range of negative emotions.  People cope with these strains and negative emotions through crime and deviance. Not all individuals respond to strain with crimeo Three major types of strains:1. Failure to achieve positively valued goals. Fail to get what they want.2. Removal of positively valued stimuli- they lose something that they value. Death in family, lose something valuable3. Confrontation with negative stimuli. Treated in an aversive manner, receive something bad. Such as child abuse.o Which strains are most likely to cause crime? Are seen or unjust Seen as high in magnitude. Such as criminal victimization Are associated with low social control Create incentive or pressure to engage in crimeo Is GST applicable to explaining all forms of crime? No, most tested in relation to street crimes.- Strengths and LimitationLearning Theories- Learning by association: We learn by association. The associations through our experiences lead to more complex ideas. We use the law of similarity, contrast, succession and crime. They are thebuilding blocks of learning through association. As said by Aristotle.- Forms of learning: 1. Classical Conditioning: respond to a stimulus that is paired with an unconditioned stimuli and then makes it a conditioned stimuli because you learn that the stimuli and the unconditioned are paired. 2. Operant Conditioning: Reward and Punishment. By Skinner. Rewards and punishments reinforce certain behaviors. 3. Behaviorist School: expectations. The idea that behavior can be reinforced by broader expectations that is learned by what happens to other people. Albert Bandura. Learning through observation and experience.- Tarde: focus on learning: Crime was a learned behavior. Criminals are actually normal people, but they have been exposed to certain situations that promotes to learning these criminal behaviors- Lombroso: Cesare Lombroso: Atavism: throwback to a more primitive biological state. Most people have moved forward in the evolutional scale, but criminals have not. Criminals were set apart from normal people, they were accidents. He concluded that the prisoners looked like primitive men. This was a false conclusion because the results were small for soldiers vs. prisoner’s characteristics. Lots of flaws in his work. This gives us the context how people thought about criminals. - Sutherland: 9 propositions for Differential Association Theory:o Father of learning and white collar crime. Principles of Criminology (1939)o Nine Theoretical Propositions comprise “ Differential Association Theory”:1. Criminal behavior, like other behavior is learned, not inherited: We use our experiences by committing crime or not committing crime. 2. Criminal behavior is learned in interaction with others in a process of communication3. The principle learning of criminal behavior occurs within intimate personal groups:Close peer groups and family has a lot of influence. 4. When criminal behavior is learned, the learning includes: a. Techniques of committing the crime, which are sometimes very complicated,sometimes very simple. b. The specific direction of motives, drives and attitudes. 5. The specific direction of motives and drives is learned from definitions of the legal codes as favorable and unfavorable. We learn whether laws are worthy to follow and we learn these attitudes from our intimate relationships. 6. A person becomes delinquent because of an excess of definitions favorable to violations of law over definitions unfavorable to violation of law **** Basic principle. Learned more definitions that it is favorable to violate the law than it is to follow the law. Once, again learn this through relationships7. Differential associations may vary in frequency, duration, priority and intensity. 8. The process of learning criminal behavior by association with criminal and anti- criminal patterns involves all of the mechanism that are involved in any other learning. 9. While criminal behavior is an expression of general needs and values, it’s not explained by those general needs and values,