Soci 304 1nd Edition Exam # 3 Study Guide Lectures: 13- 16Hate Crime- Definitionso Hate or bias crimes are violent acts directed toward a particular person or members of a group merely because the targets share a discernible racial, ethnic, religious or gender characteristics. (Siegel)o An ordinary crime becomes a hate crime when offenders choose a victim because of some characteristic- ethnicity, race, and religion and provide some evidence that hate prompted them to commit the crime- Harlow. Such as a property offense - Culture of hateo Hatred is expressed in mass culture Art, music, religion, humoro Culture of hate: a person’s group affiliation continues to provide a basis for dehumanizing and insulting treatmento Culture reflects our attitudes toward a society.o These mass culture can make a person feel alienated from others and dehumanize certain groupso Young people are susceptible to the mass culture, they lack diverse experiences and therefore are more likely to adopt these attitudes - Types of hate crimeo Thrill- seeking: most common No precipitating incident. Looking to harass those who are different Psychological payoff: thrill of making someone suffer Social Payoff: friends may approve Groups. The leader may be the only one motivated by hate.  Example: two high school students went to university campus and targeted international students. Approached the students and punched them in the face. Went to another area to do the crime. No economic motivating. They onlygain esteem.o Property: o Interchangeability of victims- Within group- Across groups: vulnerableo Homosexuality Secondary Victimization o Defensive Hate crime Reaction to what the perpetrator considers a precipitating or triggering incidentto serve as a catalyst for the expression of their anger See themselves a pillars of the community to defend their community Primary victims are people of color Their community feels threatened  Target: a particular individual or set of individuals who are perceived to constitute a personal threat  Still an element of interchangeability Victims: it could happen again Defensive hate crimes: sense of entitlement  They have an economic motivation o Mission Hate Crimes Rarest kind Is an attack carried by individuals with a mission, they seek to rid the world of evil by disposing of members of a despised group Perpetrator believes he/she has a higher order purpose in carrying out his/her crime Seek to eliminate entire category (Holocaust)  Example:- Lepine: University of Montreal, engineering school- Ordered male students to leave, left female students behind- He thought female students had taken his place at the University of Montreal- Killed 14 women- Committed suicide- Wrote a note that made it clear females were target- James Byrd example: Two towns of Jasper documentaryo June 7, 1998: midnighto Bill King, Russell Brewer, Shawn Berry rode around in a pickup, drinking and looking for womeno Spotted a man on the roado Offered Byrd a rideo 3am: forced him out of the truck, beat him up, sprayed painted his face blacko Forced Byrd behind the truck, placed logging chain around him and dragged him for more than 2 miles, decapitated him. o Hate crimes have: excessive brutality: the brutality is extreme. Common feature This crime was between a stranger and a stranger. Illustrates Interchangeability of victims: Byrd was chosen only because he was a black man. Creates fear in a certain group. Perpetrated by multiple offenders. - Hate Crime Statistics Acto 1990o Law requires data be gathered about crimes that manifest evidence of prejudice based on race, religion, sexual orientation, ethnicityo Including where appropriate the crimes of murder, rape, assault, damageo 1994 added disabled groups to be tracked (UCR data)o 2009 Matthew Sheppard and Byrd Hate crimes prevention act: Expands 1969 federal hate crime law to include crimes motivated by a victim’s actual or perceived gender, sexual orientation, gender identity or disability. Made the law more broad- Socio- demographic correlates (age)- Levin and McDevitt from Boundaries:o Key points include: Characteristics of hate crimes- Excessively brutal- Entail personal violence- They are often senseless or irrational crimes perpetrated at random or at total strangers- They are usually perpetrated by multiple offenders. It’s a group crime that is frequently carried out by youthful perpetrators operating together for the purpose of attacking the members of another group Interchangeability of victims- Their behavior characteristics being irrelevant or at best secondary in determining why they were chosen- Victims are chosen because they happen to be at the wrong place at the wrong time Role of stereotypes - Stereotype: the generalization that we carry around with us concerning different groups of people- Individual differences are totally obscured - There is no argument or evidence that is compelling enough to change the haters mind. He is emotionally invested in believing the worst about a group- The person who accepts the validity of a nasty stereotype is not simply trying to make sense of his world. He is basically making an excuse to express hostility. Culture, Gang and ViolenceGangs: Shakur reading from Boundaries:o Key points: Monster:Autobiographical account of becoming a gang member for CripsEleven years old "courted in/jumped in"-Had to shoot someone to be "in" gangLabel: monsterO.G. status, three stagesEmphasis on reputation-Had to keep up tough imageWho was his family as he became further involved in gang life?-Relationship with mother declined-Gang members (homeboys) were more his family OG statusO.G. status, three stagesEmphasis on reputation-Had to keep up tough imageWho was his family as he became further involved in gang life?-Relationship with mother declined-Gang members (homeboys) were more his familyoGangs in Pattillo's "Sweet Mothers and Gangbangers: Managing Crimein a Black Middle Class Neighborhood" (1998)Social organization and gangs-Young people in Groveland, Chicago; introduced to gang pathway, but also to organization-There's peace in the community, even though gangs exist there-Groveland: stability and dense networks facilitate social control but do not prevent criminal behaviorFamily Violence: Patriarchal